The Integumentary System

5 The Integumentary System FOCUS: The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and a variety of glands. The epidermis of the skin provides protection against abrasion, ultraviolet light, and water loss, and produces vitamin D. The dermis provides structural strength and contains blood vessels involved in temperature regulation. The skin is attached to underlying tissue by the hypodermis, which is a major site of fat storage. CONTENT LEARNING ACTIVITY Hypodermis The hypodermis is not part of the integumentary system. Match these terms with the correct statement or definition: Fat Hypodermis 1.Sometimes called subcutaneous tissue. 2. Loose connective tissue that attaches the skin to underlying bone or muscle. 3. Functions as padding and insulation. 4. Responsible for some of the structural differences between men and women. The hypodermis contains about half the body's stored fat. Measuring the thickness of the hypodermis is a technique used to estimate total body fat. 1 The dermis is dense connective tissue that forms the deep layer of the skin. Match these terms with the correct statement or definition: Cleavage lines Dermal papillae Striae 1. Directions in which the skin is most resistant to stretch. . Lines visible through the epidermis produced by overstretching of the dermis. 3. Blood vessels in this structure exchange nutrients and waste products with the epidermis. 4. Projections from the dermis into the epidermis; produce fingerprints. Dermis The epidermis is stratified squamous epithelium separated from the dermis by a basement membrane. A. Epidermis Match these terms with the correct statement or definition: Callus Corn Keratin Keratinization Lipids Stratum basale Stratum corneum 1. The process that changes the shape and chemical composition of epidermal cells. 2.The strata of the epidermis that produces new cells by mitosis. 3. The strata of the epidermis that contains dead, squamous cells. 4. Responsible for the structural strength of the stratum corneum. 5. Responsible for preventing fluid loss through the skin. 6. A thickened area of stratum corneum produced in response to friction. 7. Stratum corneum that thickens to form a cone-shaped structure over a bony prominence. The epidermis forms a permeability barrier that is also resistant to abrasion. 2 B. Match these terms with the correct part labeled in figure 5. 1: Dermis Epidermis Stratum basale Stratum corneum 1. 2. 3. 4.Figure 5. 1 Skin color is determined by pigments in the skin, by blood circulation through the skin, and by the thickness of the stratum corneum. Skin Color Using the terms provided, complete these statements: Albinism Birthmarks Blue color Carotene Cyanosis Melanin Melanocytes Melanosomes Red color Suntan 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. (1) is the term used to describe a group of pigments responsible for skin, hair, and eye color. It is produced by (2) in the stratum basale, packaged into (3) , and is distributed to other epidermal cells. Melanin production is determined by genetic factors, hormones, and exposure to light.A mutation that prevents the manufacture of melanin is called (4) . Increased melanin production in response to ultraviolet light results in a (5) . The (6) of tattoos, bruises, and some superficial blood vessels is due to the lightscattering effect of overlying tissues. (7) is a yellow pigment found in plants such as squash and carrots. When large amounts of this pigment are consumed, the excess accumulates in the stratum corneum and in fat cells of the dermis and hypodermis, causing the skin to develop a yellowish tint. Blood flowing through the skin produces a (8) . When blood flow increases (e. g. blushing) this color intensifies. A decrease in the blood oxygen content of blood produces a bluish color called (9) . Congenital disorders of blood vessels in the dermis produce (10) . 3 The presence of hair is one of the characteristics common to all mammals. A. Hair Match these terms with the corr ect statement or definition: Arrector pili Cortex Cuticle Hair bulb Hair follicle Hair root Hair shaft Medulla 1. Portion of hair protruding above the surface of the skin. 2. Soft center of a hair. 3. Outer layer of a hair consisting of a single layer of overlapping cells that holds the hair in the hair follicle. 4.An extension of the epidermis into the dermis. 5. Smooth muscles cells that cause hair to â€Å"stand on end† and also produce â€Å"goose flesh. † B. Hair is produced in cycles that involve a growth stage alternating with a resting stage. Match these terms with the correct part labeled in figure 5. 2: Arrector pili Cortex Cuticle Dermal papilla Hair bulb Hair follicle wall Hair root Hair shaft Medulla 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Figure 5. 2 4 The major glands of the skin are the sebaceous glands and the sweat glands. A. Glands Match these terms with the correct statement or definition: Apocrine sweat gland Merocrine sweat glandSebaceous gland Sebum 1. Oily, white substance rich in lipids; lubricates hair and the surface of the skin, prevents drying, and protects against some bacteria. 2. Produces sebum; opens into the hair follicle. 3. Produces a watery secretion (sweat); opens onto the surface of the skin. 4. Produces a thick, organic secretion that is broken down by bacteria to produce body odor; opens into the hair follicle. B. Match these terms with the correct part labeled in figure 5. 3: Apocrine sweat gland Merocrine sweat gland Sebaceous gland 1. 2. 3. Figure 5. 3 5 The distal ends of the digits of humans have nails.A. Nails Match these terms with the correct statement or definition: Eponychium Lunula Nail body 1. Visible part of the nail. Nail matrix Nail root 2. Cuticle; stratum corneum that extends onto the nail body. 3. Produces the nail. 4. Whitish, crescent-shaped area at the base of a nail; part of the nail matrix. B. Unlike hair, nails grow continuously and do not have a resting stage. Match these terms with the corre ct part labeled in figure 5. 4: Eponychium (cuticle) Lunula Nail bed Nail body Nail matrix Nail root 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 6 Functions of the Integumentary System The integumentary system has many functions in the body. Excretion Protection Sensation Match these terms with the correct statement or definition: Temperature regulation Vitamin D production 1. The skin functions as a physical and permeability barrier. 2. Absorption of ultraviolet light by melanin. 3. Resists abrasion by sloughing cells from the epidermis. 4. Begins when a precursor molecule is exposed to ultraviolet light in the skin. 5. Carried out by producing sweat and increasing or decreasing blood vessel diameter. 6. Occurs to a slight degree with sweat production when some urea, uric acid, and ammonia are lost.The Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System As the body ages, many changes occur in the integumentary system. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Increases Using the terms provided, complete these statements: Dec reases As the body ages blood flow to the skin (1) , and the thickness of the skin (2) . The skin is more easily damaged and repairs more slowly. The amount of elastic fibers in the skin (3) and the amount of fat in the hypodermis (4) , causing the skin to wrinkle and sag. The activity of sweat and sebaceous glands (5) , resulting in dry skin and poor ability to regulate body temperature.The number of functioning melanocytes (6) , but in the hands and face, melanocytes increase to produce age spots. White or gray hair also results because melanin production (7) . The integumentary system is useful in diagnosis because it is observed easily. Match these terms with the correct statement or definition: Cyanosis Jaundice Rash 1. Indicates impaired circulatory or respiratory function. 2. Results from a buildup of bile pigments in the blood. 3. Can indicate an allergic reaction, for example, to penicillin. The Integumentary System as a Diagnostic Aid 7 Burns are classified according to the depth of the burn.Match these terms with the correct statement or definition: First degree burn Second degree burn Third degree burn Full thickness burn Partial thickness burn Burns 1. Part of the stratum basale remains viable and regeneration of the epidermis occurs from within the burn area as well as from the edges of the burn; includes first and second degree burns. 2. Involves only the epidermis; red and painful. 3. Damages the epidermis and dermis; symptoms include redness, pain, edema, and blisters. 4. The epidermis and dermis are destroyed, and recovery occurs from the edges of the burn; also called a third degree burn. ? Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer. Match these terms with the correct statement or definition: Basal cell carcinoma Malignant melanoma Squamous cell carcinoma 1. Begins in the stratum basale and extends into the dermis to produce an open ulcer; the most frequent type of skin cancer. 2. Develops from cells immediately superficial to the strat um basale; a nodular, keratinized tumor confined to the epidermis. 3. A rare form of skin cancer that arises from melanocytes, usually in a preexisting mole; unless diagnosed and treated early this cancer is often fatal. Skin CancerQUICK RECALL 1. List 5 functions of the integumentary system. 2. Name two strata of the epidermis and the process that changes the deepest stratum into the most superficial stratum. 8 3. Name two pigments involved in skin color. 4. Name the two stages in the hair growth cycle. 5. List the three types of glands found in the skin. 6. List four protective functions of the skin. 7. State two ways the integumentary system functions to regulate body temperature. 8. Name the three types of skin cancer. WORD PARTS Give an example of a new vocabulary word that contains each word part.WORD PART subdermkeratmelancyanpapillMEANING below skin horn black dark blue nipple 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. EXAMPLE 9 MASTERY LEARNING ACTIVITY Place the letter corresponding to the correct answer in the space provided. 1. The hypodermis a. connects the dermis to underlying bone and muscle. b. is the layer of skin where hair is produced. c. is the layer of skin where nails are produced. d. connects the dermis and the epidermis. 2. The part of the skin where cells divide by mitosis in order to replace cells lost from the outermost surface of the skin? a. hypodermis b. dermis c. stratum basale d. stratum corneum 3.The papillae of the dermis a. are responsible for cleavage or tension lines in the skin. b. contain large deposits of fat. c. are responsible for fingerprints. d. do not contain blood vessels. 4. In what area of the body would you expect to find an especially thick stratum corneum? a. back of the hand b. heel of the foot c. abdomen d. over the shin 5. The function of keratin in the skin is a. lubrication of the skin. b. to reduce water loss. c. to provide protection from ultraviolet light. d. to provide structural strength. 6. Concerning skin color, which of t he following statements is NOT correctly matched? . skin appears yellow – carotene present b. no skin pigmentation (albinism) genetic disorder c. skin tans – increased melanin production d. skin appears blue (cyanosis) oxygenated blood e. dark skinned person compared to a fair-skinned person – more melanin in the dark-skinned person 7. Hair a. slowly, but continually grows. b. grows from the tip of the hair shaft. c. consists of columns of dead keratinized epithelial cells. d. all of the above 8. A hair follicle a. is an extension of the epidermis into the dermis. b. receives a duct from a sebaceous gland. c. eceives a duct from an apocrine sweat gland. d. all of the above 9. Smooth muscles that produce â€Å"goose flesh† when they contract are the a. papillae. b. cuticle. c. medulla. d. arrector pili. 10. Sebum a. lubricates hair and skin, which prevents drying. b. is produced by sweat glands. c. consists of dead cells from hair follicles. d. is responsi ble for body odor. 10 11. If a person was born without any sweat glands, it would most likely affect the person's ability to a. secrete waste products. b. control body temperature in warm environments. c. flush out secretions that accumulate in hair follicles. . prevent some bacteria from growing on the skin. 12. While building the patio deck to his house, an anatomy and physiology instructor hit his finger with a hammer. He responded by saying, â€Å"Gee, I hope I didn't irreversibly damage the _____, because if I did, my fingernail will never grow back. † a. cuticle b. nail body c. nail matrix d. nail root 13. Skin aids in maintaining the calcium and phosphate levels of body by participating in the production of a. carotene. b. keratin. c. vitamin A. d. vitamin D. 14. On a sunny spring day a student decided to initiate her annual tanning ritual.However, she fell asleep while sunbathing. After awakening she noticed that the skin on her back was burned. She experienced rednes s, blisters, edema, and pain. The burn was nearly healed about 10 days later. The burn was best classified as a a. first degree burn. b. second degree burn. c. third degree burn. 15. A large, flat spreading lesion develops from a mole. A short time later the victim dies of cancer. The type of cancer most likely was a a. basal cell carcinoma. b. squamous cell carcinoma. c. malignant melanoma. ? F INAL CHALLENGES Use a separate sheet of paper to complete this section. 1. The rate of water loss from the skin of the hand was measured. Following the measurement the hand was soaked in alcohol for 15 minutes. After all the alcohol was removed from the hand, the rate of water loss was again measured. Compared to the rate of water loss before soaking the hand in alcohol, what difference, if any, would you expect in the rate of water loss after soaking the hand in alcohol. 2. It has been several weeks since Goodboy Player has competed in a tennis match. After the match he discovers that a bli ster has formed beneath an old callus on his foot and the callus as fallen off. When he examines the callus he discovers that it appears yellow. Can you explain why? 3. Why is it difficult to surgically remove a large tattoo without causing scar tissue to form? (hint: why do tattoos appear bluish in color? ) 4. Given what you know about the cause of body odor, propose some ways to prevent the condition. 5. Dandy Chef has been burned on the arm. The doctor, using a forceps, pulls on a hair within the area that was burned. The hair easily pulls out. What degree of burn did the patient have and how do you know? 11

Microsoft excel and the Microsoft access

1. Which two training sessions did you select and why? I chose the Microsoft excel and the Microsoft access training session, the reason why I chose the excel training session was so that I could gain more knowledge on better data analysis and ways in which one can make it more easier to insert formulas on data, excel is known for the analysis of a large sample of data. Microsoft access session is also concerned with data and therefore I wanted to learn more about how one can make computing easier when dealing with data that fall in different categories. 2. What were the highlights of the first training session? The first training session I chose was the Microsoft excel session, the main highlights included the great excel features, printing options of excel, creating a chart, enter formulas and working with the keyboard. 3. What were the highlights of the second training session? The second training session was on Microsoft access, the main highlights in this session were differences between a list and a data base, primary keys, fields and tables and finally the four main objects that databases contain 4. Describe three benefits from each training session (six totals) that you will use in your personal or professional life. From both training sessions I have improved my office package use with ease in understanding the application of both excel and access. Microsoft Excel I learnt how to import data into a worksheet, this has helped me text to ease my work of transferring text like data into excel without having to write the whole data manually from other office packages such as word. I also learnt to use various formulas and short cuts to those formulas, in the case where one has a sample whose sample is over a hundred one can simply add up easily and also find the mean and also draw a histogram and other charts. I also have learnt to use more than one chart, in this case I have learnt also to auto fill formulas having only written the on the first row, this makes it easier to use on data that require to be multiplied by different columns on the worksheet. Microsoft Access In this course I learnt how to use queries and let access give an output, example in a case where one wants to know how many individuals in a company earn more than a certain level of income, all you need to do is enter a query and then you get your results. I also learnt how to make a database which aids in organization of work, the data base will be created with fields such as address, location, department and even the name, this will aid in organization of the data of employees to a manager or accountant. I also learnt how to use the data in access to mail merge, this entails the writing of a letter in word and leaving some fields linked to the data and then one only has to merge the letter with the data base and one can write to a hundred people within minutes. 5. What would you add to either training session in terms of improvement, if anything? In terms of improving the training session I would recommend that there be more advanced learning concerning the various Microsoft packages, this will involve animation of ways in which various applications are applied. REFERENCE: Microsoft office training (2007) Microsoft excel and Microsoft access training sessions, retrieved on 26th July, available at www.office.microsoft.com/en-us/training/default.aspx   

Muslim Article

The New York Times article â€Å"Congressman Criticizes Election of Muslim† (Swarns 2006) reported on the criticism made by Virginia's Republican Congressman Virgil H. Goode Jr. on the recent election of Minnesota Representative Keith Ellison. According to Rep. Goode Jr., the election of Keith, a Democrat and the first-ever Muslim to sit in the United States Congress, is a grave threat to traditional American values. Goode's warning, contained in a letter addressed to his Virginia constituents dated Dec. 5, 2006, asked Americans to â€Å"wake up† or face the likelihood of more Muslim elected officials that would demand â€Å"use of the Koran†.He also called for the adoption of stringent immigration policies as a step towards the preservation both of this country's beliefs and values and resources. Ellison, a former criminal lawyer and a convert to Islam, has planned to use the Muslim bible in January during his private swearing-in. Goode's comments elicited criti cisms of bigotry and intolerance from some Democrats in Congress and from Muslim Americans as they pointed out that the official swearing in of officials, in contrast to private swearing in,   do not use religious texts. For his part, Ellison pointed out that he is no immigrant, saying that he's an African-American whose roots goes â€Å"back to 1742†. He also said he is a politician and not a religious scholar such that Goode has â€Å"nothing to fear†.This article of the New York Times gave a rather fair coverage as it observed the journalistic standard of presenting both sides of an issue. The article gave space to both Goode's and Ellison's statements and counter-statements, attempting to do so from an objective viewpoint. As for the issue of Islam or being Muslim depicted by the story itself, there are obviously two conflicting sides, two opposing viewpoints. The side of Rep. Goode adopts the position that Islam in the country, or at least the practices of Islam (as the use of Koran, instead of the Christian Bible in swearing-in), poses a considerable threat to traditional American culture. He even insinuated that Muslims, along with other immigrants, are a burden to the United States. On the other, the coverage of Ellison and his sympathizers show that Muslim Americans, who could be good citizens, are welcome in this country. U.S. Congressman Criticizes Election of Muslim By RACHEL L. SWARNSPublished: December 21, 2006WASHINGTON, Dec. 20 — In a letter sent to hundreds of voters this month, Representative Virgil H. Goode Jr., Republican of Virginia, warned that the recent election of the first Muslim to Congress posed a serious threat to the nation’s traditional values.Skip to next paragraphRepresentative Virgil H. Goode Jr., left, said Keith Ellison’s decision to use a Koran in a private swearing in for the House of Representatives was a mistake.Mr. Goode was referring to Keith Ellison, the Minnesota Democrat and criminal defense lawyer who converted to Islam as a college student and was elected to the House in November. Mr. Ellison’s plan to use the Koran during his private swearing-in ceremony in January had outraged some Virginia voters, prompting Mr. Goode to issue a written response to them, a spokesman for Mr. Goode said.In his letter, which was dated Dec. 5, Mr. Goode sa id that Americans needed to â€Å"wake up† or else there would â€Å"likely be many more Muslims elected to office and demanding the use of the Koran.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I fear that in the next century we will have many more Muslims in the United States if we do not adopt the strict immigration policies that I believe are necessary to preserve the values and beliefs traditional to the United States of America and to prevent our resources from being swamped,† said Mr. Goode, who vowed to use the Bible when taking his own oath of office.Mr. Goode declined Wednesday to comment on his letter, which quickly stirred a furor among some Congressional Democrats and Muslim Americans, who accused him of bigotry and intolerance.They noted that the Constitution specifically bars any religious screening of members of Congress and that the actual swearing in of those lawmakers occurs without any religious texts. The use of the Bible or Koran occurs only in private ceremonial events that ta ke place after lawmakers have officially sworn to uphold the Constitution.Mr. Ellison dismissed Mr. Goode’s comments, saying they seemed ill informed about his personal origins as well as about Constitutional protections of religious freedom. â€Å"I’m not an immigrant,† added Mr. Ellison, who traces his American ancestors back to 1742. â€Å"I’m an African-American.†Since the November election, Mr. Ellison said, he has received hostile phone calls and e-mail messages along with some death threats. But in an interview on Wednesday, he emphasized that members of Congress and ordinary citizens had been overwhelmingly supportive and said he was focusing on setting up his Congressional office, getting phone lines hooked up and staff members hired, not on negative comments.â€Å"I’m not a religious scholar, I’m a politician, and I do what politicians do, which is hopefully pass legislation to help the nation,† said Mr. Ellison, who said he planned to focus on secular issues like increasing the federal minimum wage and getting health insurance for the uninsured.â€Å"I’m looking forward to making friends with Representative Goode, or at least getting to know him,† Mr. Ellison said, speaking by telephone from Minneapolis. â€Å"I want to let him know that there’s nothing to fear. The fact that there are many different faiths, many different colors and many different cultures in America is a great strength.†In Washington, Brendan Daly, a spokesman for the incoming House speaker, Nancy Pelosi of California, called Mr. Goode’s letter â€Å"offensive.† Corey Saylor, legislative director for the Council on American-Islamic Relations, criticized what he described as Mr. Goode’s â€Å"message of intolerance.†Representative Bill Pascrell Jr., Democrat of New Jersey, urged Mr. Goode to reach out to Muslims in Virginia and learn â€Å"to dispel misconceptions instea d of promoting them.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Keith Ellison serves as a great example of Muslim Americans in our nation, and he does not have to answer to you, to me or anyone else in regards to questions about his faith,† said Mr. Pascrell, whose district includes many Arab-Americans.The fracas over Mr. Ellison’s decision to use the Koran during his personal swearing-in ceremony began last month when Dennis Prager, a conservative columnist and radio host, condemned the decision as one that would undermine American civilization.â€Å"Ellison’s doing so will embolden Islamic extremists and make new ones, as Islamists, rightly or wrongly, see the first sign of the realization of their greatest goal — the Islamicization of America,† said Mr. Prager, who said the Bible was the only relevant religious text in the United States.â€Å"If you are incapable of taking an oath on that book, don’t serve in Congress,† Mr. Prager said.In his letter, Mr. Goode e choed that view, saying that he did not â€Å"subscribe to using the Koran in any way.† He also called for ending illegal immigration and reducing legal immigration.Linwood Duncan, a spokesman for Mr. Goode, said the Virginia lawmaker had no intention of backing down, despite the furor.â€Å"He stands by the letter,† Mr. Duncan said. â€Å"He has no intention of apologizing.†

Marketing Plan for a new Organic goods company Assignment - 1

Marketing Plan for a new Organic goods company - Assignment Example In this proposed marketing plan, a particular fruit i.e. organic apple has been taken into concern for promoting in the current organic fruit business industry of the UK. Now, the company is intending to expand its business in the emerging UK food business industry. In this regard, the proposed marketing proposal for the company would focus on critically analysing different marketing research tools such as PESTLE, SWOT and marketing segmentation strategies in the context of UK food industry. Additionally, the proposed marketing plan would also incorporate the process of selecting effective marketing approach and different actions in order to enable OABC to achieve its business objectives in the growing food industry of the UK. A financial plan, metrics and appropriate implementation as well as controlling process have further been illustrated for the company in order to attain success of its desired business objectives. Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary 2 2. Situation Analysis 4 2.1 PESTLE Analysis 4 2.2 SWOT Analysis 6 3. Market Segmentation 7 3.1 Targeting 8 3.2 Positioning 8 4. Objectives 9 5. Marketing Strategy 10 6. Marketing Programs 11 6.1 Marketing Mix Strategy 11 7. Financial Plans 12 8. Metrics & Implementation Controls 13 References 15 Bibliography 17 2. Situation Analysis The aspect of situational analysis involves the study of demonstrating the scenario with respect to external environmental factors of a country or a location, wherein the business to be performed (Grabosky & Braithwaite, 1993). The following situation analysis in the form of conducting PESTLE and SWOT would examine the major influencing factors in accordance with the business objectives of OABC. 2.1 PESTLE Analysis Political Factor Although the political condition of a country has major influence on a particular business, the adequate flexibility along with greater deregulatory policies within the political framework of the UK would eventually provide major opportunities for O ABC to market organic apples. The well-structured governmental regulations and the adequate balances of the regulatory processes in the UK have long been identified to provide extensive support for the foreign entrepreneurs. Therefore, the political factors would provide a major support for the company to successfully establish its business unit in the respective country (Coventry University, 2013). Economic Factor The economic factors such as income level of the consumers, interest rates portfolio, taxation programmes, exchange and inflation rates of the UK can also be considered to ensure providing adequate support to OABC in successfully achieving its desired financial goals. Specially mentioning, the higher economic growth with regard to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) rate of the nation would also provide an effective support to the company to substantially market and promote its quality based highly nutritional organic apples (Agriculture Horticulture Development Board, 2013). So cial Factor In the context of social factor, the increasing number of adult population along with budding changes in their food habits would also facilitate OABC to effectively perform its business operations in the UK market. Moreover, the increasing diversity of the UK populaces along with greater mobility of the communities can also provide greater

Foundation Built Natural Environment Coursework

Foundation Built Natural Environment - Coursework Example There are two separate departments in the local council that process building warrants and planning permissions (Glover, 2009, pp.17-19). Difference between Building and Planning Control Building Control is the process done by the local council to ensure that properties meet the set legal standards in building works. These regulations are in place to guarantee the durability and safety of every construction. Sometimes, these standards are modified from time to time. For example, generally, building standards are more lax in south England compared to north Scotland. This is due to the harshness of weather in the latter. On the other hand, Planning Control is the process done by the local council to decide whether a construction is acceptable. Aspects such as local preferences and needs, smell, sound, and sight are taken into account before any permission is granted (Glover, 2009, pp.26-27). Building Warrant A Building Warrant is issued as a legal permission to start any construction o r demolition of a property or building. This warrant is granted upon meeting the set legal standards of Building Control. It is a common yet inaccurate belief that Building Warrants are only necessary for structural changes. On the contrary, Building Warrants ensure that the minimum standards for the convenience, interest, protection, and health of the people inside and outside the property or building are met. ... g Warrant is not called for, compliance with the set legal building standards must be carried out, unless the nature of alteration is â€Å"like for like.† (Glover, 2009, pp.31-33) Planning Permission Planning Permissions are different from Building Warrants. They are required in land development plans that are usually comprised of changes of use for, or expansions, of properties. Planning permissions are also at times required for works to trees, listed building consent, demolitions within conservation areas, and outside advertisements. If the alterations are internal, such as the case in most private homes, they do not require Planning Permissions as some of these works are considered â€Å"permitted developments† or are not seen as â€Å"developments.† Although most do not apply to subdivided or flatted residential properties, planning legislation set the requirements for â€Å"permitted developments.† In any case, one should be aware that Building Warr ants may still be required for internal developments or expansions that do not require Planning Permissions (Glover, 2009, p.38). Application for a Building Warrant Building Control surveyors are part of the local council that are in charge of processing Building Warrants. An applicant should fill out application forms and pay the corresponding Building Warrant fee. Details of proposed work should come as an attachment to the application. Fees are based on the estimated cost of the expansion, development, or demolition. Applications are assessed based on the existing building policies and standards, and could take up around three weeks before the issuance of a Building Warrant. Building Control department should be informed when the work will start, and upon satisfactory completion, a surveyor will check the work for the

Analyzing and contrasting data mining based network intrusion Essay

Analyzing and contrasting data mining based network intrusion detection system - Essay Example The objective of this research is to acquire a better insight about Data Mining-Based Network Intrusion Detection Systems. In this present era the computers are sophistically connected to each other in a form of network. In such networks there is every possibility of intrusion to important data. In order to maintain the integrity, network data has to be secured. Electronic commerce (e-commerce) has made Internet usage most important part in everyone’s life and has become a major source of sending and receiving information. However, providing protection to the computers connected in a network is still a main issue to be tackled. In general, every organization wants their data to be safe and secure from the attackers. Information systems are easily accessible and can be intruded by the hackers over the internet if the networks are insecure. In this thesis, there are some procedures mentions for detecting network intrusions using data mining. This thesis also covers the different types of intrusions and justify how they can be best detected using available data mining tools. Data mining can be proved as a very useful method towards identifying any intrusion that might have taken place. The amount of extraction or hacking of data and intrusions are growing day by day. As a result, new intelligent Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) are put in place to mitigate the intrusion and safeguard the data. Intrusion needs to be detected as we cannot stop intrusions but we can minimize them and stop hackers from threats. Declaration I certify that this thesis is carried out in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Computer Science, and has no contents copied from any external sources except for those whose references are made with in the text. ---------------------------------- ------------- Mohammed Altaf Ahmed khan Date Table of Contents List of Figures Figure 2.1: Transition from Data to Knowledge (Fayyad, Piatetsky and Smyth, 1996) 10 Figure 3.1 Snort High-Level Processing Stages (Wheeler, 2003)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦20 Figure 3.2 Bayesian Model Diagram Panda & Patra (2007)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.25 Chapter 1 Introduction In this age of the Information Revolution, there are obvious advantages that can be reaped from the vast and ever growing Internet Community in the web: 24/7 connectivity; robust e-commerce that simplified business transactions and operations; erasure of geographical separation and distance; and access to a multitude of modern means of communications. Yet, as benefits derived from being part of the Internet community are many to mention, one resounding concern that pervades this virtual world is security. Most, if not all, entities participating and part of the Internet world are on their toes, keeping their eyes over their own virtual place in the Internet. It can be said that SECURITY is one big important word in the Internet today. As of this press time, there are many unscrupulous entities that crowd the Internet and are ready to attack anyone and any site that has vulnerability in its network security setup. Since many e-commerce companies and enterprises depend on the Internet for its survival, it is not a surprise that there is a creation and formulation of different way to protect one’s network. Over the past couple of decades, techniques to secure network through latest technology have gained an importance and have proven to be a necessity to any entity maintaining and securing a network. The need for security has spawned in the creation and design of firewalls, cryptography, authentication and most of all intrusion detection systems. Among these security tools, network intrusion detection system holds a potential as a tool against computer crime. An intrusion detection system can simply be called the process of monitoring and an alyzing the events (ie. the traffic of packets going in and out of the network stream) that occurs in a computer system to enable to detect signs of security problems. Yet, as a network security technology tool, intrusion detecti

Management Information System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management Information System - Essay Example competes with a host of other financial institutions such as banks, brokerage firms, insurance companies among others hence there is stiff competition. As a way of attempting to position itself better in the market, the company sought to outsource its IT infrastructure to IBM, a computing giant as a result of different reasons. First and foremost, this is an attempt to add value to their company among employees, clients and shareholders by improving efficiency as well as reducing costs while at the same time improving quality. Given that IBM is a renowned computing giant, JP Morgan thought it would be a wise decision to incorporate this company as a way of trying to portray its image in a better position. In this case outsourcing would add value in that IBM is a well established computing giant often treated with great esteem by various stakeholders such that its incorporation by JP Morgan would attract a positive response from different stakeholders. By virtue of running several business entities, JP Morgan thought that by scaling its IT expenditures, it would reduce its actual needs of paying full costs that would be based on projections made earlier. Therefore, it can be noted that JP Morgan sought to reduce costs on its part by centralizing the IT business to one big, reputable company which is IBM computers. In actual fact, JP Morgan simply wants to take a precautionary measure in the face of competition against other major financial giants such that it thought outsourcing would help spruce its image as well as help reducing expenditure by centralizing its IT issues to one computing giant. The main problem raised here is that of the overuse of traditional means of processing information during the contemporary time of digital age where new information and technology is reigning supreme. The result of the use of old means of processing information is failure to access information readily when it is needed to combat an otherwise imminent disaster. FBI in this

Ancient Greece and Rome on film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ancient Greece and Rome on film - Essay Example Nero eventually threatened to destroy the peaceful order of the Rome and the main issue was the conflict between Christianity and debauchery of the Roman Empire (LeRoy, 2008). The film narrates the story of Roman military commander who fell in love with a devout Christian woman known as Lygia, who was a Roman captive because she was raised up as an adopted daughter of Aulus Plautius. The military commander, Marcus Vinicius slowly became intruded by the religion of Lygia. Their love story is narrated in a broader historical context of earlier Christianity and its persecution by Nero (Scodel and Bettenworth, 2009, p. 9). The acts of Nero became highly outrageous; thus he ended up burning Rome and started blaming Christians. Marcus went to save Lygia and her family but Nero captured them and demand both of them, as well as, Christians to be killed. However, Petronius, the trusted consultant of Nero cautioned Christians that they will be made martyrs and since he was tired of madness act s of Nero, Petronius decided to kill himself (Scodel and Bettenworth, 2009, p. 11). Marcus was later arrested due to an attempt of saving the family of Lygia and another person known as Peter was killed by being crucified upside down. Peter returned to Rome and married the couple arguing that it was a sign of the lord but he was eventually killed. In short, the story ends where Marcus is released from the prison and marries Lygia. Marcus replaced Nero and eventually people realized that he was the one who burnt Rome but not the Christians. People wanted to kill Nero but he escaped into the palace where he strangled Poppaea to death claiming that he was the one who attempted to scapegoat the Christians. In the palace, the slave of Nero appeared and offered to help Nero to terminate his life. After the death of Nero, Marcus and Lygia became free; thus they left Rome. By the roadside, the crosier that Peter had left after his return to Rome had already miraculously sprouted flowers; th us the radiant light uttered â€Å"I am the way, the truth and the life† (Scodel and Bettenworth, 2009, p. 12). The Way Filmmakers Use Roman Stories to Discuss Christianity Themes Filmmakers use Roman stories in order to discuss Christianity themes in diverse ways. One of the filmmakers that attempt to reveal the themes of Christianity is the Quo Vadis, which is an American epic film of 1951 that was directed by Mervyn LeRoy. An epic movie is a kind of film, which lays emphasis on human tragedy on a grand level and it is more ambitious in scale that any other genre films. Quo Vadis is one of the epic films because it attempts to reveal real human dramatic events or actions that took place in the ancient Roman. It attempts to reveal the way Christians were persecuted by some powerful leaders of the historical era in Rome. Quo Vadis is a Latin idiom meaning that â€Å"where are you going† but the modern usage of the idiom refers to a Christian tradition regarding Saint P eter (Scodel and Bettenworth, 2009, p. 21). The Filmmakers use Roman stories to discuss the theme of persecution or martyrdom in the life of Christians. For Christians, persecution or martyrdom is one of the significant aspects that strengthen their faith. The crucifixion of Christ and his death at the cross is what altered everything including the live of Christians. For instance, the epic film of Quo Vadis offers an example of people like Saint Peter and among other Christians who were persecuted because of their

Bio-fuels and Future Energy Needs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bio-fuels and Future Energy Needs - Essay Example Americans have begun to make choices regarding the type of energy depending on the long-term sustainability of energy, in addition with the environmental impacts, portended by these choices. Because of this, agricultural bio-systems have become a significant player in the determination of the American energy sector’s future. The Future of Bio-fuels As the Main Source of Energy Although bio-fuels are still some way off replacing other forms of fuel, the diversity of biomass being converted to fuel has continued to increase (Demirbas 22). It is now becoming an increasingly popular form of energy in research, especially with soybeans and corn. However, soybeans and corn alone are not enough to change the dependence of America on fossil fuel. It has been estimated that the US has a supply of approximately one and a half billion tones of sustainable biomass every year. This can be used for producing liquid fuel, which provides for only around thirty percent of fuel that is needed f or America’s annual requirements. Another route for future bio-fuel use regards the increasing popularity of other techniques of converting biomass into bio-fuel. Currently, ethanol is developed by using only the kernels of corn since it is the only part of the corn ear that has enough sugars for fermentation and distillation. However, in the future, husks and stalks could be used for the production of bio-fuels as more advancement continues to emerge (Demirbas 23). These husks are made of the polymer cellulose that is made up of sugar molecules. If treated with an appropriate catalyst, the sugars can undergo fermentation and distillation to come up with alcohol. This would make the process of converting biomass into bio-fuels more efficient by saving on the corn itself and using the other parts of the corn plant. Once there is a way of efficiently converting biomass to bio-fuels, the pressure applied on food production by bio-fuel energy should dissipate and make this a choi ce source of energy in the future. Impacts of Bio-Fuels on Food Supplies Bio-fuels have raised concerns with dieticians, nutritionists, biologists, and farmers with regards to supply of food (Demirbas 31). A question that this technology raises is whether the use of popular food crops for the production of energy is sustainable. Over the period when it has been used, input costs have skyrocketed such as machinery, storage, fertilizer, pesticides and seeds. This has led to a carry-on effect to the consumer. Additionally, aggressive farming techniques have seen soil erosion and depletion that have caused a discernible decrease in crop yields, thus decreasing food supply to the consumers. Farmers in the Mid-west have begun to devote more of their land to the production of corn, which has led to a perpetuation of mono cropping that has led to a decrease in bio-diversity (Demirbas 38). Although the change may not be immediately discernible, the results will eventually transform the suppl y of food and the way people eat. Subsidization of agricultural products meant for energy production portends a huge influence on the health and nutrition of the American people. When mono-crops become the norm, food supply diversity dwindles and this will be reflected in the diets of the American people. Furthermore, as more crops are directed towards ethanol production, their price will fluctuate. As corn demand rises, its price will also increase leading to a rise in cost of eggs, poultry, dairy products and beef. This will prove critical to families with low income devoting 30-40% of their budgets towards food, as well as to the budgets of nutrition programs in the US that deal with such programs

Sensationalism and the Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sensationalism and the Media - Essay Example There are new crimes which people feel they do not understand and which are different from traditional fears. The media is very effective and building these crimes up and making people feel frightened (Ball-Rokeach, 1040). One of these is cybercrime. While some people may feel less frightened of being stabbed on the street, they may be more concerned about identity theft. It seems clear that cybercrime will be a serious problem in the future as more and more of our lives are lived on the Internet. Stories about identity theft appear in the news every day. Part of the problem in todays world is that many people put a great deal of their personal information on the Internet without thinking that it can be accessible to anyone. Others do not take proper precautions with their passwords. Still others fall for internet scams run by Nigerian princes. In the future there will be more identity theft and money stole from online bank accounts and money transfers. People will probably do more i mpersonation than ever on social networking sites. The truth is people must be very careful to protect their passwords and their personal information. It is not a good idea to put your birthday on your Facebook account, for example, as this information may be used in some circumstances to access banking and other private records. Do not talk to strangers online if you are underage, as well, as they may be predators. While these are serious crimes, the media makes it seem as if it is happening all the time and that you will be the next victim (Mappes, 102). Part of the problem with the Internet is its anonymity. It is hard to track down cybercriminals and they know it. The bank robbers of the future will not wear masks and carry guns, they will be the people who sit at their computer and hack into the bank. Some people may not even know they have been victimized. This too may lead to the crime figures and victim

What Is Economics Essay Example for Free

What Is Economics Essay Quoting Michael Yates, â€Å"The subject matter of economics is the production and distribution of output†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Yates, 2003). So what does this say to me? Simplifying, this says to me that Economics is a way of explaining the world. With studies dating as far back as Aristotle’s interest in the various forms of state, how can one ever fully understand the complexities of economic thought and how could one definition ever sum up the entirety of what economists endeavour to understand? Meikle, Scott, 1995) The study of economics attempts to understand and to explain how and why the wealth of the world is produced, distributed, and consumed. It examines everything from global and local markets, class structures and wealth distribution, the role of government and politicians, supply and demand of products and services, the division of labour, and countless other factors that affect how and why the productions systems of the world economy function the way they do. Arguably, one of the most influential factors in defining the subject matter of economics is the division of labour. By influential I am not stating that I am of the opinion that the current distribution of labour it is positive factor to our current economic climate, just that it is an influential one. Although the famous theorist Adam Smith argued that economic growth, as a result of the productivity improvements gained, was rooted in the division of labour (Smith, 1776). He, among others, also came to acknowledge the many downsides of a deepening division of labour (Walker, 1886 Smith, 1776 Marx, 1847). Labour is distributed not only between countries and companies but also within each individual company. The wage disparity between middle and lower class and the wealth distribution between labourers and capitalists (business owners) that results from a deepening division of labour plays a much more significant role in determining what is produced, by whom it is produced, who is able to purchase these produced goods and services, and ultimately the subject matter of economics then one would initially assume. The division of labour does not only refer to the dividing of complex tasks into simple tasks so that many, easily replaceable labourers, complete one task over and over to produce a product, (associated mainly with the industrial revolution); the division of labour refers to the division of labour between organizations. In modern times, labourers from individual organizations produce goods for another organization rather than directly for a consumer. That organization then uses those goods, combined with their own, to produce a final product. This deepening of the division of labour resulted in the progressive substitution of self-sufficient production with industrial production and market exchange. (Schmidt, 2009) These worldwide networks and interdependencies between organizations, combined with the division of labour within the individual organization, further the disconnect between workers and the ownership of their work. They lose pride of workmanship, close personal relationships, direct access to the means of production, and they become â€Å"a mere appendage to the cold, implacable, pace-setting machine† (Hunt Sherman, 1986). Their work, or labour, is owned by the capitalist that owns the organization in which they work and they are left virtually powerless to control the economy in which they live. The labour of a CEO differs substantially from that of a production worker in an automotive factory, and so does the wealth accumulated by that labourer and the CEO and eventually, their heirs. The ‘labourer’ who accumulates the most wealth has the most influence over the means of production. This labourer, once they own the means of production and are able to determine what is produced and the method of production comes to be termed a ‘capitalist’. A capitalist makes no secret that goods will not be produced and dollars will not be invested in production capital, regardless of people’s needs, because production decisions in a capitalist economy are based primarily on profit (Hunt Sherman, 1986). This capitalist, and the wealth they accumulate, also has significant influence over the political economy that sets the stage for capitalism to continue to thrive and to encourage capitalist accumulation and further the deepening of the division of labour. It is in this way that capitalism and the division of labour drives our production economy and influences the global markets and the modern subject matter of economics.

Gender and Social Norms Essay Example for Free

Gender and Social Norms Essay In today’s society social norms have huge effects on parental decisions. Some would say that shaping a child’s life around these norms might be what is needed in order for one to have a successful life. Majority of individuals tend to migrate towards others who are like them. With this being said, if you aren’t raised how the average person is, you will not have a group to migrate to and will never develop relationships that can benefit your future. My survey consisted of three questions, which were answered anonymously by ten different individuals. The first two questions were to find out what my participant’s sexes were and what their current marital status was. My final question was, â€Å"Do you feel boys from the ages four to seven should be provided with Barbie Toys if asked for them?† The statistics I received were quite diverse. Being accepted in today’s society is the key factor when developing early relationships, which will impact your future. As it is one has to face plenty of other obstacles such as being discriminated against due to their individual sex, race, culture or religion. If you aren’t raised around the norms society has developed then that is one more obstacle you must face when going through life. Sociological imagination is stated to be forces of society that control our personal experiences. I believe that this hits the direct point I am making when I say that there are forces outside of what one’s parents believe in that influence the way someone is raised. Parents want their children to have the average childhood and be accepted by everyone. The only way one can accomplish this is to base the decisions made for their child around the social norms. For boys, they should only play with action figures and should participate in athletics. Females should only play with Barbies and should be put in classes such as ballet. It is out of what society accepts if one’s child does participate in anything that the opposite sex should be doing. This may lead to harassment of many sorts and keep one from advancing and becoming successful. On the other hand, if someone partakes in something their gender is known for, this may lead to extra opportunities. I am stating that if someone of a specific sex has been raised the way the rest of that society has been, it will broaden their chances to migrate towards others due to a higher chance of commonalities. I found out that sex did not play much of a part when determining what people thought about my topic. Majority of the males did answer no when asked if boys should be allowed to play with Barbies. Females also leaned towards that end. Seventy-one percent of them said they would not allow a boy to play with a Barbie if they asked for it. While tallying the statistics I noticed that every person who was currently in a relationship said they would not allow it. I feel they answered it no because they may have already spoken with their significant others about possibly having children, and they wouldn’t want their child to be an outcast. I would bet that they have not spoken about this specific topic in general; therefore they would keep aware from such topics to avoid any disagreements with their partner. They may believe in two different sides, but choose to stick to what society accepts. I also saw that the few who answered yes were either single or divorced. I think these individuals are at a point where they know they are free to have their own beliefs and will exercise them because there is no one they have to persuade, other than themselves. A single parent may stick to what they believe in when raising their child, or they may resort to what society accepts. The only person I received a survey from who was married chose not to buy such toys for young boys. She actually chose to express why she felt this way. She said that her and her husband are expecting a child shortly and have been open with one another about these sorts of scenarios. She stated that they refuse to force their child (ren) to live in this â€Å"invisible acceptance bubble† that society has come to. They feel everyone should be raised differently so the world will be as diverse as possible. She expressed that she does not want to be a part of raising someone who is exactly like the next child. She described it as society losing its color. Everything will soon be black in white if we keep allowing these invisible rules to take over what should be our decisions. Society has developed norms that many people feel forced to go buy in order to achieve acceptance. Although they may not agree with what the majority does, they refuse to be a part of an outcast group. I understand why people would take part in such actions. I believe it is because they are afraid to be different and not accepted by most, which can lead to lack of relationships, needed to be considered â€Å"normal.† The survey I conducted showed what ten random people thought when asked if they would allow and/or supply a boy from the ages four to seven with a Barbie if asked. Majority responded no, which I feel was because it has been declared â€Å"wrong† in our society. Survey You are being asked to complete this survey on family issues for a paper I am writing for my FCS 340 class. All answers will remain confidential and anonymous.

How Brand Nokia Influences On Consumer Purchasing Behaviour Marketing Essay

How Brand Nokia Influences On Consumer Purchasing Behaviour Marketing Essay 1.0 Introduction People live in the globe dominated by super brand however, the term brand which has sometime wrong definition and misunderstood by the consumer. Brand correspond in the form of logo, letter headed paper, graphic representations, critical thinking and attractive colour combination, signs and symbols, slogan that is common belief to everyone (http://www.redbullet.co.uk/). A brand is symbol and sign, name or product, service, concept or logo that distinguishes to identify and expressed a specific business or company, product, service which can be usually communicated to market to increase the consumer. According to the Business and Management of Dictionary, a brand is a name, sign or symbol used to identify items or services of the seller(s) and to differentiate them from goods of competitors. One of the most popular advertising companies Walter Landor said that basically, a brand just like a promise that associating and demonstrating a service or product which delivers a promise of sat isfaction and better quality (http://www.sideroad.com/Branding/). In addition, when an organization or company creates a colour full new logo or name for a particular products or service to introduce the competitive market, a brand has been developed or formed. On the other hand, Brand is protected by registering trademark or service mark from an authorized company, specially a government, so that organizations or parties have no permission to use same particular logo or name. It is tremendous effective elements of advertising to market for a company. It is represented of goods or services on behalf of brand owner are offering in the marketplace. Consumer behaviour is important value added to buy a brand product or services to justify the quality, price, colour and existence. In the market place branded products always high price and better quality such as Motorola, Samsung, than non branded product such as Chinese mobile. Customer may look or intention to buy quality, expensive bra nded product to evaluate of the reputation of the brand. It is very important of brand owner for company success, increase profit margin and spread reputation by giving better service, better quality product to keep the costumer. 2.0 Research Objectives The objectives of this research are as below: To examine the factors that influences the consumers to shift towards Nokia Brand. To Build new business strategy for the all level consumer. To use effective advertise to the target group(consumer) that will most be interested to consumer To study and establish a theory that, how Brand Influences consumers to purchases than retail store. To create a major selling idea for different consumer that Use the brand, the feeling get good to consumer. 3.0 Literature Review 3.1 Brand A brand is a symbol and symbols, names, or product, service or logo to identify the concept and is different with a specific business or company, product, service, which can normally be communicated to the market to increase to the consumer. Good brand images are instantly evoked, are positive, and are almost always unique among competitive brands. Brand image can of brand communications such as packaging to be strengthened, advertising, promotion, customer service and other aspects of the brand (http://www.asiamarketresearch.com/glossary/) Brand is the identity of the companys product, brand is very important. it brings popularity for enterprise product as well as fame, prestige, respect. Nowadays business competitive There are several brands on the market, everyone has their identity, make their mark. For example: I have new Wrangler jeans from a store, look good and I will share with my friends bought. Of course they ask me what the brand was. What is important here, the jeans brand, because the jeans, wrangler get the particular shop. The brand is very important to purchase an influence on consumers. (http://www.allinterview.com/showanswers/) 3.2 Attributes of strong brands -Excels at delivering deigned benefits -Stage relevant -Priced to meet perceptions of value -Well designed brand hierarchy -Positioned properly 3.3 The Role of Brands -Identify the maker -Simplify products holding -Organize accounting -Offer legal production -Signify quality -Creates barriers to entry 3.4 Types of Brand Marketing theory suggests that there are three types of brand names: Family brand Individual brand Combination brand In this paper I will go to Individual brand names which I selected Nokia, how it is it influences consumer to purchases. (http://tutor2u.net/business/marketing/brand) logo.gif (http://shop.nokia.co.uk/nokia-uk/) 3.5 Nokia Brand Nokias first century began with Fredrik Idestam paper mill on the banks of the river Nokianvirta. Between 1865 and 1967, the company would become a major industrial power, but it took a merger with a cable company and a rubber company focused on the new Nokia Corporation is set on the way to electronics. (http://www.nokia.com/about-nokia/). Nokia is engaged in the manufacture of mobile devices and in converging Internet and communications industries with over 123,000 employees in 120 countries, sales in over 150 countries worldwide and annual sales of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 41,000,000,000 and operating profit of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1,200,000,000 in 2009. It is the worlds largest manufacturer of mobile phones. Its global device market share was about 39% in 2009, compared to 37% in 2008 and 38% in 2009, and its converged device market share was about 40% in 2008, compared to 35% in the year 2009. Nokia produces mobile devices for all major market segment and protocol, including GSM, CDMA and W-CDMA (UMTS). Nokia provides Internet services such as applications, games, music, cards, media and messaging platform with its Ovi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia). 3.6 Nokia in Bangladesh Nokia is the worlds leading mobile phone supplier and a leading provider of mobile and fixed telecom networks including related customer service. When Nokia introduced into the market of Bangladesh, it was considered the largest market in the emerging markets in South Asia. Bangladesh has already become an attractive market for mobile phones with a user base of more than 10 million, and by the end of 2006, this figure is expected to cross 15 million. Nokia officials estimate that in addition to Bangladeshi market, the company is a healthy growth in Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and the Maldives in the coming days have. (http://www.southasiabiz.com/2006) Nokia market share 56.89% in Asia Bangladesh (March 2010)e 56.89% in Asia Bangladesh (March 2010)    http://stats.getjar.com/mr_technology_charts/as/Nokia_BD.png (http://stats.getjar.com/statistics/AS-BD/manufacturer/Nokia) 3.7 Consumer Behaviour Consumer behaviour concern the psychological processes that consumers go finished his/her needs, and normally find the way to work out these needs and make decision to purchase. For example: whether to buy a product, and if so, what brand and where information about interpret, make plans and implement these plans by comparing the offers, or actually buying a product (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/). 3.8 Sources of influence on the consumer There the many sources which influence the consumer behaviour. The below figure shows how many sources influences to consumer:    Influences on Consumer Behavior (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/). Social factors also influence consumer behaviour Cultural influences consumer behaviour Digital Revolution influences on Consumer Behaviour E-Shopping influences on consumer Behaviour 3.9 Decision making The five models imply that the customers can buy from each of five stages. However, for more workaday buy decision, the consumer may modify or delete some of the present. The first one is problem recognition The second step is information search The third step involves evaluation of alternatives Finally, the purchase stage, and post-purchase evolution buying_decision_process (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer) 3.10 Problem Recognition A product to buy is customer need recognition occurs when an individual senses a difference between what the consumer seems to be the ideal and the actual state of affairs. A consumer intended to buy things when they think the quality of a product to solve a problem, makes the recognition of the step on the sale of a product. Bad recognition sometimes recognized as a problem. For example, the car is always difficult to start and the acceleration is not good. (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer) 3.11 Information Search Consumers to search for information in order to satisfy their unmet needs. Find inner can, bring knowledge from memory or external, it can, collecting data from their peers, family, and the marketplace. The efficient search for keywords such as social class, income, and size of purchase, the experience and perception determines (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer). 3.12 Evaluation of alternatives The next stage of the consumer decision process shall consider alternatives in the search identified at this stage, consumers are looking for answers to questions like, what are my options? And which is best? When they compare, contrast and select from different products or services. Consumers compare what they know about different products and brands, what to do with the key and begin to resolve in the area of narrow alternatives before finally considering buying one of them. It evaluates specific model to a set of attributes they used to put together, including safety, reliability, price, warranty, and the number of cup holders is based. It also considers how he felt things like property and assesses the use of the phone and where he might buy the phone, a comparison of the various traders and the atmosphere everyone sees. Although he feels some pressure to make decision, he has access to his fathers cell phone. (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer) Untitled.jpg 3.13 Purchase Behaviour Purchase is the third steps on Consumer Behaviours. After the decision to buy or not buy, he draws two stages. First, consumers choose one vendor over another vendor. Second, decisions concerning saving, by the seller, item displays, convinced media, paper and advertising. Under the plan, the consumer thinks of a particular article or brand to buy. But sometimes, but otherwise buy what they think, in the case of what to purchase during the purchase or the choice of the stage. A consumer prefers a retailer, but selects another in the event of a sale, promotional event, hour, place and problem of traffic. Fox buying products, it is important to examine the consumer motivation and to achieve this goal, easily use means-end chain. (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer) The Means-End Chain: Consider a logical continuation of the consequences of product usage, which ultimately lead to the wanted end benefit. For example, Consumers will see a car with a big engine, resulting in rapid acceleration, resulting in a feeling of power, leading to a feeling of power, which will ultimately increase consumer self-esteem. http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/images/intro/Means-End_Chain.png (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer) 3.14 Post-purchase Post-purchase behaviour of consumers includes all the activities and experiences that following the purchase. Normally, after a purchase, consumers experience dissonance after purchase. Regret In other words, they make their purchase decision. The reasons for high dissonance after the purchase can be dispensed with the attractiveness and performance of the alternatives, be difficult to purchase, and large number of alternatives. (http://www.icmrindia.org/courseware/Consumer%) 4.0 Research Methodology A research design is the general plan, as we do about the answer to our question (s). (Saunders et al 2007) Usually it is threefold: exploratory, descriptive and explanatory (Philip Lewis et al 2007). The nature of our study is exploratory study is a valuable tool to find out what happened, to seek new insights, to ask questions and to assess phenomena in a new light (Robson, 2002, p59). There are three main ways of implementing our exploratory research. A search of the literature: some academic journal papers on computers networks. Interviewing experts in the subject. Conducting focus group interviews. There are three major ways of thinking about research philosophy: epistemology, ontology and axiology. Each provides important diversification is that the way you think influence on research. (Thorn hill et al., 2007) 4.1 Types of Research Methodology There are two approaches to deductive test theory and inductive theory-building. In deductive research, is a theory developed to explain the hypothesis, research design constructed and tested the hypothesis proved or disproved, and presented the findings as objective reality or laws. The process tends to be associated with the positivist approach in conjunction (Saunders et al., 2007). On the other hand, is the first data collected and analyzed in inductive research. A theory is how the data analysis is developed. This process tends to be associated with the interpretive approach in conjunction (Saunders et al., 2007). 4.2 Deductive approach My proposal is deductive research. Here we have set up a hypothesis. We construct a research design, hypothesis will be tested by an improved statistical method for the collection of data by interview method and the results will be entered with regard to the interpretation. Research method is a systematic and orderly approach to the collection and analysis of data acquired, so that information from these data (Jankowicz, 2005:209) can be obtained. Mentioned among the different methods of research by several authors, some general surveys, experiments, secondary data, observation techniques, grounded theory, action research and ethnography (Sigmund, 1997 and Saunders et al.2007). For the planned research of the scientists, the survey interview, characterized as the most appropriate. 5.0 Data Collection Method Research data are divided into two groups and these are primary and secondary data. For conducting any research data, both the groups are important, but is on the basis of strategy research focusing on specific data group presented. 5.1 Primary Data Primary data is data that is collected specifically for a particular research project for the first time (Maylor and Blackmon, 2005). The primary research can be qualitative, quantitative or both. In my thesis I will present the original data by using the collection of questions and interviews. 5.1.1 Interview It can be taken by individual or by a group. I take the consumer interview that buy Nokia product and interviews that Nokia does not use fire. I think the interviews I will answer directly from the customers. 5.1.2 Questionnaires It is the most popular way of gathering information. It would need an open and close both. The advantage of the questionnaire, I can collect the data by all or a sample of people. 5.1.3 Main sample Sampling is the small proportion of the population in this thesis topic, my example will be the customers of Nokia, employees and managers from Nokia, Nokias competitors, Nokia and age wise user. 5.2 Secondary Data According to Collis and Hussey secondary data on the collection of data from previous studies or studies conducted or done to or gathered by other researchers (Collis Hussey, 2003). Therefore, secondary data from the literature or in documents such as academic research papers can be collected, corporate annual reports, statistics, published advertisements, and statements. In my thesis I will use some relevant books, journals, articles and previous research at the University of Wales Library have available through various books, to have a clear idea about the subject. I will use the Internet as information, articles and magazines. . Magazines are comparatively contains several new concepts and ideas, and up to date information. In my dissertation, I will for literature research and secondary data analysis of the relationship between brand and consumer, brand influences the buying behaviour of consumers, Brad and retention, critical evaluation of the classical theories of brand influences on the attitudes of consumers to purchase used. (http://www.ejbrm.com/vol2/v2-i2/vol2-issue2-art7-knox.pdf, p-123) For any research or any query, if I have the onion diagram it is easy for me to follow my dissertation done in time. 7.0 Limitations There are no available resources for this research. The Nokia brand in Bangladesh market place is too far from here to gather information to effectively complete the research proposal. There are some restrictions on such research, such as: Limited study had been done earlier. Lack of data and information available for research. Lack of consumer behaviour tools through survey. Lack of ration analysis Nokia and non brand Nokia user. 8.0 Time Scale 9.0 Conclusion In Conclusion, this research paper proposed how Brand Nokia influences to consumer purchases behaviour. In my dissertation I will identify some factors that Brand Nokia influences on the customers attitude towards purchase and to establish a theory regarding the business interface and also consumer attitude for purchase. And from this research methodology I will use a Deductive analysis where the data were collected by distributing questionnaire, interview and testing towards the people of Bangladesh Marketplace. In my dissertation, I will also focus comparison between Nokia and other band such as: LG, Sony Ericsson, and Samsung; on consumer purchasing behaviour. This proposal has some limitation and some incomplete information because I did not spend more time and more market survey in different segment towards consumer purchase behaviour on brand product Nokia. Finally, in my dissertation I will give more effective information and add consumer true feelings and give proper informat ion about their preferences, intention, about the product and Understanding their attitude, motivation.

Idealism in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Last Tycoon Essay examples -- La

Idealism in F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Last Tycoon Idealism is undoubtably present in F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Last Tycoon. Infatuation may be a better word, for that was exactly what possessed the main character, Monroe Stahr. He was totally engorged with one Kathleen Moore. He idealized Miss Moore as the second coming of his deceased wife Minna Davis. Stahr was a true man of men that had little to do with women since the tragic passing of his wife. He would rather put his feet up with a cigar and shoot the breeze with the boys. Yet once he laid eyes on Kathleen for the first time, all of that changed. It was love at first sight. Kathleen and Stahr meet after an earthquake rocked Los Angles. Stahr was surveying the damage done to the studio, when a prop came floating by with two "dames" clinging to it for their lives. A stage hand rescued and presented them to Stahr for judgement. That was the moment that would change everything. The following excerpt is a narration of what was going through Stahr's mind when he was struck blind by Cupid's golden arrow. "Smiling faintly at him from not four feet away was the face of his dead wife, identical even to the expression. Across the four feet of moonlight, the eyes he knew looked back at him, a curl blew a little on a familiar forehead; the smile lingered, changed a little according to pattern; the lips parted--the same." (Chp II, p.26) She was Minna, but she wasn't. All her features were Minna's, except her voice. "--and then he heard another voice speak that was not Minna's voice." (Chp II, p.26) She was obviously British and not glamorous American, as Minna's had been. Nevertheless, she was a replica of his life long love. Stahr determined right then that she would be the next. Before he could get himself together, Kathleen was whisked away by the police for trespassing. Stahr spent the next few days trying to track her down. By this time he had fully succumbed to her rapture. On their third meeting, they happened to stumble upon each other at a posh Hollywood party. Her beauty brought back all the sensations that had trapped him initially. The scene was as follows: "...the white table lengthened and became an altar where the priestess sat alone. Vitality welled up in him, and he could have stood a long time across the table from her, looking and smiling...(while dancing) she was momentarily u... ...es me feel as if life is just one big joke. I soon come to my senses and re-release that life will go on. Stahr on the other hand cannot get past the facts that love has left his life twice. It is just too much for him to deal with. I too idealized the woman in my life as the "wind beneath my wings." The sad fact is that just is not true. The only wind under my wings is the mountain valley breeze that is ever present on this university campus. I am reason for my survival, not a woman. Stahr saw Kathleen as the only thing missing from his life, and quite possibly that being a true statement. He could have lived without her, but he just didn't see it that way. Overall idealism is an interesting idea. We all do it, but why? Why do we idealize people and ideas? Are we trying to make them seem better than they really are? I believe that we do it, because it is instinctive. Whether we idealize a person or an abstract idea, we all do it. The Last Tycoon is an idealistic novel. Even during the time in which Fitzgerald was writing this novel, he idealized the novel itself as his best work. Tragically, just like Stahr, his dream was not realized due to death, that death being his own. Idealism in F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Last Tycoon Essay examples -- La Idealism in F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Last Tycoon Idealism is undoubtably present in F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Last Tycoon. Infatuation may be a better word, for that was exactly what possessed the main character, Monroe Stahr. He was totally engorged with one Kathleen Moore. He idealized Miss Moore as the second coming of his deceased wife Minna Davis. Stahr was a true man of men that had little to do with women since the tragic passing of his wife. He would rather put his feet up with a cigar and shoot the breeze with the boys. Yet once he laid eyes on Kathleen for the first time, all of that changed. It was love at first sight. Kathleen and Stahr meet after an earthquake rocked Los Angles. Stahr was surveying the damage done to the studio, when a prop came floating by with two "dames" clinging to it for their lives. A stage hand rescued and presented them to Stahr for judgement. That was the moment that would change everything. The following excerpt is a narration of what was going through Stahr's mind when he was struck blind by Cupid's golden arrow. "Smiling faintly at him from not four feet away was the face of his dead wife, identical even to the expression. Across the four feet of moonlight, the eyes he knew looked back at him, a curl blew a little on a familiar forehead; the smile lingered, changed a little according to pattern; the lips parted--the same." (Chp II, p.26) She was Minna, but she wasn't. All her features were Minna's, except her voice. "--and then he heard another voice speak that was not Minna's voice." (Chp II, p.26) She was obviously British and not glamorous American, as Minna's had been. Nevertheless, she was a replica of his life long love. Stahr determined right then that she would be the next. Before he could get himself together, Kathleen was whisked away by the police for trespassing. Stahr spent the next few days trying to track her down. By this time he had fully succumbed to her rapture. On their third meeting, they happened to stumble upon each other at a posh Hollywood party. Her beauty brought back all the sensations that had trapped him initially. The scene was as follows: "...the white table lengthened and became an altar where the priestess sat alone. Vitality welled up in him, and he could have stood a long time across the table from her, looking and smiling...(while dancing) she was momentarily u... ...es me feel as if life is just one big joke. I soon come to my senses and re-release that life will go on. Stahr on the other hand cannot get past the facts that love has left his life twice. It is just too much for him to deal with. I too idealized the woman in my life as the "wind beneath my wings." The sad fact is that just is not true. The only wind under my wings is the mountain valley breeze that is ever present on this university campus. I am reason for my survival, not a woman. Stahr saw Kathleen as the only thing missing from his life, and quite possibly that being a true statement. He could have lived without her, but he just didn't see it that way. Overall idealism is an interesting idea. We all do it, but why? Why do we idealize people and ideas? Are we trying to make them seem better than they really are? I believe that we do it, because it is instinctive. Whether we idealize a person or an abstract idea, we all do it. The Last Tycoon is an idealistic novel. Even during the time in which Fitzgerald was writing this novel, he idealized the novel itself as his best work. Tragically, just like Stahr, his dream was not realized due to death, that death being his own.

Herbal Extracts And Hormones :: essays research papers fc

Herbal Extracts and Hormones   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Herbs are found everywhere, and hormones are a natural product of everyone's body. The production of hormones increases and decreases with the age and development of the individual. Due to the nature of hormones and the ongoing research still being done, this article will investigate only two hormones that are in common use by the everyday person.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Herbs, on the other hand, can be found from California to China and as far as consumers are concerned, they are now mainstream products that can be found in supermarkets and drug stores world wide. Healing plants and herbs are used by over ninety percent of the world's people. Mowry, pgs.1-11 In the United States, with the introduction of herbal capsules and pills, people are enjoying the benefits of Earth's good medicines. The herb industry has been growing at about thirty percent per year for the past several years. Herbs are being used in homes, for more than just spicing the sauce or glazing the chicken. Herbs are being used as an alternative for medications as well. In the coming years, we may see the introduction of newer and better medicinal herbs as scientists Mowry pgs. 26-27 continue their search for the cures of all aches and pains.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In past years, herbs were used for pains and aches. These herbs are making a comeback because they have fewer side effects than regular medicine. An example is willow bark Mowry, pgs. 43-49 which is being used instead of aspirin. Aspirin was made from the active ingredient in willow bark. However, people are using willow bark instead of aspirin because it does not cause the stomach to bleed as aspirin does.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ginkgo is being sold as a leading prescription drug in Germany and most countries in Europe. Takagi, pgs. 96-101 This herb is growing in usage in this country as more people age. It has been used in Asia for countless generations. There is a growing body of evidence, as research continues, that points to the outstanding effects of the Gingko tree on many age-related disorders or sicknesses. This herb is reported to increase the ability of the blood circulation system. It is a powerful medicine for the treatment of restoring of a person's memory. Tagki, pgs. 3-10   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A tea made from the Passion Flower or Valerian Root is used to calm a person or relieve anxiety. These are thousand year old medicines used as tranquilizers. They have fewer side effects and don't damage the body as Valium or other man made tranquilizers. It is almost impossible to over dose on these types of nerve calmer.

Violent Behavior and the Brain :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Violent Behavior and the Brain - Do we know it all? The DMZ, which runs through Central Vietnam is a place where undisputed violence was unleashed for over a decade in the late sixties and early seventies. During the year that I worked in Vietnam, I often returned to this spot to watch the American Veterans, who would stand at the top of Marble Mountain, withered, with vacant stares out towards the stretch of beach known only to the Americans as China. It was mystifying to consider the sharp contrast that must have seemed all too apparent to them as the sounds of war loomed in their memories and the calm ocean stretched out before them now so serenely. It was then that I first started to consider what causes man to become so enraged as to commit atrocities of the mind, body and soul. Violence - pure and simple, is intrinsic to humanity. It almost goes unnoticed as a way of life in many communities. Drive through North Philadelphia on a spring afternoon and witness what appears to be life disappearing, receding under the concrete and graffiti. Look closer and witness the bullet holes in the walls of homes and cars. Still, there are other communities, such as North Brooklyn, where the rate of crime has been diminishing for the past twenty-five years. It seems, in fact, that violent crime does not behave as predicted. Social scientists have begun to suggest that, in fact, violent crime needs to be viewed much like an infectious disease. Simultaneously, neurobiologists have developed intricate research models and techniques to examine whether or not there are biological triggers that cause individuals to act violently. What if violence were to be truly considered an epidemic - one with BOTH neurological and sociological explanations? Being a public health practitioner and activist, I am inclined to champion the cause of social scientists and the role that society, economy, and politics play in the make-up of a violent individual. What is the environment that allows an epidemic of violence to overtake a community and how does it initiate in the individual? Epidemiologists consider an epidemic to reach its "tipping point" when it turns into a public health crisis. As Malcolm Gladwell notes in his article, "The Tipping Point", "Every epidemic has its tipping point, and to fight an epidemic you need to understand what that point is." What then, is the tipping point for an individual who is motivated to act violently?

Part IV, Current Procedural Terminology Essay

This chapter provides an overview of the CPT Surgery section and covers its guidelines. The chapter also focuses on the CPT Surgery General and Integumentary System subsections. Lesson Objective Define key terms. Explain the organization, format, and content of the CPT Surgery section. Interpret CPT surgery section guidelines and modifiers. Interpret CPT surgery coding notes for the General and Integumentary System subsections. Assign CPT surgery codes from the General and Integumentary System subsections. Add CPT and/or HCPCS level II modifiers to codes as appropriate. Surgery Section Organization The Surgery section is the largest section in CPT and its subsections are organized anatomically. Selecting the appropriate surgery code requires a careful review of the patient record to determine the procedures and services provided. The basic organization of the Surgery section is by major body system, with headings and subheadings based on anatomic site and/or type of procedure. The CPT Surgical Package Definition See pages 481-482 of the 3-2-1 Code It! text; What services are always included? Read the Surgery Guidelines at the beginning of the Surgery Section in the CPT code book. Surgical Modifiers If services are provided by more than one physician, what modifiers do you use? When do you use them? Read about unusual services and treatments. What is the modifier to show unusual services? When do you use it? Find the modifier for a separate procedure. What is the definition of separate procedure? What modifier would you use to show a distinct procedural service? Integumentary System Integumentary procedures include incision, biopsy removal, paring/curettement, shaving, destruction, excision, repair, adjacent tissue rearrangements, grafts, flaps, and specialized services. Refer to the definitions of surgical terms in the textbook.

Economy of Russian

In recent times, Russian presses have been full of articles analyzing the Russian economy and making forecasts, most of them pessimistic. Many would say the Russian economy has failed miserably in the past one hundred years. After the 1917 Revolution, an attempt was made by the Communists to create an economy based on socialist principles. The thought was that the capitalist system led to a chaotic economy, cruel exploitation of workers and unemployment. The Russian socialist economy rests on the basic principles formed by Karl Marx: A centrally planned economy. This â€Å"planned economy† would be in use for the next sixty years. â€Å"In 1929-1930, under the process of collectivization, the land of Russia became state-owned and cooperatively-owned. There was no longer any private land ownership.† (Torchinsky, 48) The state became the monopolist of the economy. Economy planning bodies worked out the famous â€Å"Five-year plans.† The plans regulated everything from production of aircraft to nails and even eggs. They believed that since the means of production belonged to the state, and hence, collectively, to the people, (because a socialist state is a state belonging to the people) the state should control everything. This was to include planning, financing, and salaries. Under this system, â€Å"people are to be content and peacefully work for the benefit of society.† (Diller, 168) The Socialist economic theory assumed that people would work hard because they were working for the collective good, and hence their own good; therefore there would be no reason for them to be lazy or dishonest. Thus, the defects of capitalism would not show its face. â€Å"The five-year economic plans would make it possible to wisely distribute society†s resources and to promote development.† (Flint, 17) However, over the long term, this style of economy seems to have failed in Russia. At certain times-for instance, in restoring the national economy after World War 1, the Civil War, and World War II, â€Å"The states rigid economic monopoly achieved certain successes, but later the basic principles of socialist economic management became an insuperable obstacle blocking economic progress in the Soviet Union and in Russia.† (Flint, 12) Abolishing private ownership of businesses and land killed people†s desire to succeed or to create and increase their own property. The driving force of personal gain was absent from all work activity by the people. The socialist lifestyle assumed that tireless and selfless labor for the benefit of society would succeed. Under this system, there was no reason for the common man, or anyone who was not a fanatical supporter of socialism, to work hard or to improve or create anything. Everything disappeared into the state†s bottomless pockets. â€Å"A person could work well or badly-either way, he received the same meager wages.† (Torchinskii, 51) Many people were satisfied, but some did not work for many years, yet were still guaranteed their wages or salaries by the state. Centralized planning also had a ruinous effect. â€Å"Workers and peasants merely had to fulfill the orders passed from ‘above† regardless of their practicality.† (Hughes, 33) This sometimes resulted in goods being produced that no one needed and seed being sown into barren or frozen soil. Personal initiative was neither encouraged nor expected. As the years passed, the economic situation steadily worsened. For some time, â€Å"the country lived on ‘petrodollars† by selling oil and gas at low prices.† (Flint, 19) Rivalry in the arms race with the United States devoured tremendous wealth; plus a lot of money and energy was spent on supporting â€Å"friendly Communist regimes in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and Central and South America.† (Flint, 19) At the 28th Party Congress in 1991, when the delegates started talking at last about the critical economic situation and the necessity of reforms, it was already too late. â€Å"The collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990†³s, and the rupture of economic ties between the former Soviet republics that once constituted an economic whole exacerbated the economic downslide, which rapidly became critical.† (Diller, 121) In the early 1990†³s, production continued to decline. Economic contacts weakened with other republics of the former Soviet Union. The balance of payments crisis increased. There was a lack of funds, especially hard currency, necessary for purchasing raw materials. â€Å"As a result of inflation, the purchasing capacity of the population fell and inventories grew.† (Torchinskii, 51) Although the situation in Russia is very difficult, positive aspects offer hope for a recovery. The privatization process in different industries is progressing, though with great difficulties. The agricultural industry is waiting for the transference of land to the peasants-a very risky step that could either save the country or ruin it completely. Russia has to create a successful agricultural base to thrive economically. â€Å"As of July 1, 1993, the number of private farms in Russia was 258,000; they occupied a territory of 27 million acres.† (Flint, 33) Most farmland is still controlled by former state farms or collectives, but now they are reconstructed to be joint-stock companies. Agricultural output and grain production has been declining since the early 1990†³s. Russia†s military defense industry includes aircraft building, rocket manufacturing, and the space industry. In all of these industries, Russia has a major place in the world market. Russia is also a leading arms producer and supplies countries all over the world. One of the most widely used assault rifles, the AK47, was even invented in Russia. â€Å"This remains the basic weapon of the Russian Army and of many other Communist countries.† (Hughes, 53) Finally, the country has immense manpower-the people who are able and want to work despite many decades of nearly losing the habit. There can be no doubt that regeneration is not far away. â€Å"Russia†s labor resources constituted 86.2 million people in 1992, or 58 percent of the population.† (Flint, 65) In 1993, this number was 85.7 million. The number of people in Russia that are actually employed has been dropping steadily since the early 1990†³s. In conclusion, the economy of Russia is by no means the epitome of a great economy, but many of the resources they have do help. Many people have tried to help boost the Russian economy, (Gorbachev, Stalin, Lenin, Yeltsin, and the Tzar) but all of them had their many moments of failures. The new â€Å"Commonwealth of Independent States† or the CIS has worked hard to make new plans for an economy that can rise to the occasion and become the best it has ever been before. With their abundance of natural resources, manpower, and knowledgeable people, Russia can become a major power quickly, but all they need is a guiding hand.

Protective Equipment Is to Reduce Employee Exposure to Hazards Essay

Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products.[1] Slower oxidative processes like rustingor digestion are not included by this definition. The flame is the visible portion of the fire. If hot enough, the gases may become ionized to produce plasma.[2] Depending on the substances alight, and any impurities outside, the colorof the flame and the fire’s intensity will be different. Fire in its most common form can result in conflagration, which has the potential to cause physical damage through burning. Fire is an important process that affects ecological systems across the globe. The positive effects of fire include stimulating growth and maintaining various ecological systems. Fire has been used by humans for cooking, generating heat, signaling, and propulsion purposes. The negative effects of fire include water contamination, soil erosion, atmospheric pollution and hazard to human and animal life.[3] | Fire Technology is a peer-reviewed academic journal publishing scientific research dealing with the full range of actual, possible, and potential fire hazards facing humans and the environment.[1] It publishes original contributions, both theoretical and empirical, that contribute to the solution of problems in fire safety and related fields. It is published bySpringer in conjunction with the National Fire Protection Association.[2] Arson[1] is the crime of intentionally and maliciously setting fire to buildings, wildlandareas,[2] cars[3][4] or other property with the intent to cause damage. It may be distinguished from other causes such as spontaneous combustion and natural wildfires. Arson often involves fires deliberately set to the property of another or to one’s own property as to collect insurance compensation.[5] Heat In physics and chemistry, heat is energy transferred from one body to another by thermal interactions.[1][2] The transfer of energy can occur in a variety of ways, among them conduction,[3] radiation,[4] and convection. Heat is not a property of a system or body, but instead is always associated with a process of some kind, and is synonymous with heat flow and heat transfer. Heat flow from hotter to colder systems occurs spontaneously, and is always accompanied by an increase in entropy. In a heat engine, internal energy of bodies is harnessed to provide useful work. The second law of thermodynamicsprohibits heat flow directly from cold to hot systems, but with the aid of a heat pump external work can be used to transport internal energy indirectly from a cold to a hot body. Transfers of energy as heat are macroscopic processes. The origin and properties of heat can be understood through the statistical mechanics of microscopic constituents such as molecules and photons. For instance, heat flow can occur when the rapidly vibrating molecules in a high temperature body transfer some of their energy (by direct contact, radiation exchange, or other mechanisms) to the more slowly vibrating molecules in a lower temperature body. Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8. Its name derives from the Greek roots á ½â‚¬ÃŽ ¾Ã Ãâ€š (oxys) (â€Å"acid†, literally â€Å"sharp†, referring to the sour taste ofacids) and -ÃŽ ³ÃÅ'ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (-gÃŽ ¿nos) (â€Å"producer†, literally â€Å"begetter†), because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition. Atstandard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a colorless, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas with the formula O2. This substance is an important part of the atmosphere, and is necessary to sustain most terrestrial life. A fire extinguisher, flame extinguisher, or simply an extinguisher, is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires, often in emergency situations. It is not intended for use on an out-of-control fire, such as one which has reached the ceiling, endangers the user (i.e., no escape route, smoke, explosion hazard, etc.), or otherwise requires the expertise of a fire department. Typically, a fire extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agent which can be discharged to extinguish afire. Fire prevention is a function of many fire departments. The goal of fire prevention is to educate the public to take precautions to prevent potentially harmful fires, and be educated about surviving them. It is a proactive method of reducing emergencies and thedamage caused by them. Many fire departments have a Fire Prevention Officer.In the general sense of preventing harmful fires, many aspects are discussed in the articles Fire protect ion and Fire safety. Wildfire suppression refers to the firefighting tactics used to suppress wildfires. Firefighting efforts inwildland areas requires different techniques, equipment, and training from the more familiar structure firefighting found in populated areas. Working in conjunction with specially designed firefighting aircraft, these wildfire-trained crews suppress flames, construct firelines, and extinguish flames and areas of heat to protect resources and natural wilderness. Wildfire suppression also addresses the issues of the wildland-urban interface, where populated areas border with wildland areas. Firewall may refer to: * Firewall (construction), a barrier inside a building or vehicle, designed to limit the spread of fire, heat and structural collapse * Firewall (automobile), the part of the vehicle that separates the engine from the driver and passengers * Firewall (computing), a technological barrier designed to prevent unauthorized or unwanted communications between computer networks or hosts * Firewall (Physics), a blast of Hawking Radiation seen by a freely falling observer upon crossing the horizon of a black hole. Firetrap firetrap is a British clothing company, founded in 1991,[1] specialising in premium menswear and accessories. It is the main brand within the WDT company (World Design and Trade), which also owns its sister brand Fullcircle along with previous brands SC51 and Sonnetti. Firetrap is firmly established internationally and is sold in more than 30 countries[2] and 1,500 stores worldwide. There are eight stand-alone stores in the UK: a Covent Garden store in London and others in Belfast, Liverpool, Leeds, EdinburghWestfield[disambiguation needed], Sheffield & Nottingham (2010).[3] The brand is a key player worldwide with a new store in Dubai and concessions throughout Europe including Italy, Germany and France. Conflagration A conflagration or a blaze is an uncontrolled burning that threatens human life, animal life, health, or property. A conflagration can be accidentally begun, naturally caused (wildfire), or intentionally created (arson). Arson can be accomplished for the purpose of sabotage or diversion, and also can be the consequence of pyromania. During conflagration the property is damaged or destroyed by fire. Sometimes the conflagration produces a firestorm, in which the central column of rising heated air induces strong inward winds, which supply oxygen to the fire. Conflagrations can result in casualties, deaths, or injuries from smoke inhalation orburns. Combustion Combustion (pron.: /kÉ™mˈbÊÅ's.tÊÆ'É™n/) or burning is the sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat and conversion of chemical species. The release of heat can produce light in the form of either glowing or aflame. Fuels of interest often include organic compounds (especially hydrocarbons) in the gas,liquid or solid phase. In a complete combustion reaction, a compound reacts with an oxidizing element, such asoxygen or fluorine, and the products are compounds of each element in the fuel with the oxidizing element. For example: CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O + energy A simple example can be seen in the combustion of hydrogen and oxygen, which is a commonly used reaction in rocket engines: 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O(g) + heat The result is water vapor. Complete combustion is almost impossible to achieve. In reality, as actual combustion reactions come to equilibrium, a wide variety of major and minor species will be present such as carbon monoxide and pure carbon (soot or ash). Additionally, any combustion in atmospheric air, which is 79 percent nitrogen, will also create several forms of nitrogen oxides. Fire point The fire point of a fuel is the temperature at which it will continue to burn for at least 5 seconds after ignition by an open flame. At theflash point, a lower temperature, a substance will ignite briefly, but vapor might not be produced at a rate to sustain the fire. Most tables of material properties will only list material flash points, but in general the fire points can be assumed to be about 10  °C higher than the flash points. However, this is no substitute for testing if the fire point is safety critical. Degree Celsius Celsius, also known as centigrade,[1] is a scale and unit of measurement for temperature. It is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who developed a similar temperature scale. The degree Celsius ( °C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale as well as a unit to indicate a temperature interval, a difference between two temperatures or anuncertainty. The unit was known until 1948 as â€Å"centigrade† from the Latin centum translated as 100 and gradus translated as â€Å"steps† From 1743 until 1954, 0  °C was defined as the freezing point of water and 100  °C was defined as the boiling point of water, both at a pressure of one standard atmosphere with mercury being the working material. Although these defining correlations are commonly taught in schools today, by international agreement the unit â€Å"degree Celsius† and the Celsius scale are currently defined by two different temperatures: absolute zero, and t he triple point of VSMOW (specially purified water). This definition also precisely relates the Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale, which defines the SI base unit ofthermodynamic temperature with symbol K. Absolute zero, the lowest temperature possible at which matter reaches minimum entropy, is defined as being precisely 0 K and −273.15  °C. The temperature of the triple point of water is defined as precisely 273.16 K and 0.01  °C. This definition fixes the magnitude of both the degree Celsius and the kelvin as precisely 1 part in 273.16 (approximately 0.00366) of the difference between absolute zero and the triple point of water. Thus, it sets the magnitude of one degree Celsius and that of one kelvin as exactly the same. Additionally, it establishes the difference between the two scales’ null points as being precisely 273.15 degrees Celsius (−273.15  °C = 0 K and 0  °C = 273.15 K).[3] Fahrenheit Fahrenheit (symbol  °F) is a temperature scale based on one proposed in 1724 by, and named after, the physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736).[1] Within this scale, the freezing of water into ice is defined at 32 degrees, while the boiling point of water is defined to be 212 degrees – on Fahrenheit’s original scale the freezing point of brine was zero degrees. The Fahrenheit scale was replaced by the Celsius scale in most countries during the mid to late 20th century, though Canada retains it as a supplementary scale that can be used alongside Celsius.[2][3][4][5] Fahrenheit remains the official scale of the United States,Cayman Islands, Palau, Bahamas and Belize.[6] The Rankine temperature scale was based upon the Fahrenheit temperature scale, with its zero representing absolute zero instead. Personal protective equipment Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer’s body from injury. The hazards addressed by protective equipment include physical, electrical, heat, chemicals, biohazards, and airborne particulate matter. Protective equipment may be worn for job-relatedoccupational safety and health purposes, as well as for sports and other recreational activities. â€Å"Protective clothing† is applied to traditional categories of clothing, and â€Å"protective gear† applies to items such as pads, guards, shields, or masks, and others. The purpose of personal protective equipment is to reduce employee exposure to hazards when engineering and administrative controls are not feasible or effective to reduce these risks to acceptable levels. PPE is needed when there are hazards present. PPE has the serious limitation that it does not eliminate the hazard at source and may result in emp loyees being exposed to the hazard if the equipment fails.[1]