Analysis of The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber by Ernest Hemingwa

Analysis of The improvident Happy Life of Francis Macomber by Ernest HemingwayErnest Hemingway is kn have for producing novels and short stories withambiguous endings. In his short story, The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber, hedefinitely ceases his readers guessing. The question is whether Margot kills her husband,Francis, intenionally, or if she accidentally shoots him in an effort to save his life. There are many points that could be argued for twain conclusions, but my observations have led me to believe that Margot did indeed shoot her husband intentionally, however, without pre-meditation.In looking at the background of Francis and Margot, it is easy to see that thestrength of their blood rests on their co-dependancy. They have two completelydifferent personalities, but that is what ultimately keeps their relationship at anequilibrium.Their marriage is summarized by the statement, Margot was in like manner beautifulfor Macomber to divorce her, and Macomber had too of ten money for Margot ever toleave him. Margot has complete control over their marriage, and Francis allows her tohave this control because he could not find another wife if Margot were to leave him. This is apparent when the narrator states, If he had been better with women, she wouldprobably have started to worry about him getting another new, beautiful wife but sheknew too much about him to worry about him either. The background information given about Francis and Margot makes a motive foran intentional killing clear. When Margot sees the euphoria, loss of cowardice andsudden independance that Francis gets from his prosecution of the buffalo, she realizes thatshe has lost control over her husband. The change in Francis ca... ...age because she is no longer in charge of Francis or needed by him. She realizes that he has found his own independance and that she is expendable to him. Therefore, in a sudden rage of anger, resentment and disappointment, she kills Francis.Even though I do believe that Margot means to kill her husband, I do not thinkthat it is a pre-meditated event. It appears that Margots original intention is to saveFrancis by shooting the buffalo. Of course, realistically, it would be hard to stop such an animal from a out-of-the-way(prenominal) distance, and it is difficult to believe that Margot thinks she could do it. When Margot aims the gun and prepares to fire, all the negative emotions that are built up inside her cause her to make the sudden decision to disengage her anger out on her husband. She may have only thought about it for a second, but ultimately, it was an intentional shot.

The Black Cat Essay -- essays research papers fc

A Glimpse Into the World of The Black CatThose who have read any of Edgar Allan Poes short stories realize that most of them are full of suspense and mystery and that they efflict a feeling of horror and shock upon the reader.Poe studies the mind, and is conscious of the abnormalities of his narrators and he does not condone the intellectual advantageous through which they strive, only too earnestly, to justify themselves. He enters the field of the starkly, almost clinic onlyy realistic investigation of men who, although they may feel uneasy rough their mental states when their tension lets up, are too far gone to understand their mania, let alone to control it (Gargano 171). His stories usually have a horrible run into reputation in which there is a obsessive narrator and they follow the development of the theme step by step with a realism that, blackball with genius, might case ahi humbug from the twentieth-century psychiatry. This could not be presented more clearly than i n The Black Cat. Those who may deny realism to Poe cannot be very(prenominal) familiar with our daily newspapers, which periodically carry true stories of murders committed under just abnormal psychological pressures as those described in The Black Cat (Buranelli 76). This story begins with the narrator ,who is about to be hung, confessing what he has done in some type ofrepention for his soul. The narrator step by step describes how he began drinking and accordingly to neglect his dearly beloved cat and his wife. One day when he is maddened by the actions of thecat, he cuts out its eye and later kills the cat by hanging it. After his house burns down and he has lost all he owned he finds a new cat resembling all to well the first. One day while workingwith his wife in the cellar he is nearly tripped down the stairs by the cat, he thus picks up an axe and tries to kill it but his swing is intercepted by his wife and he instead strikes her and kills herinstantly. He conceals the b ody but then when the police come, he in a mocking manner taps the wall in which she is buried and reveals to the police what he has done(Poe). In Edgar Allan Poes The Black Cat, his use of point of view, symbolism, foreshadowing, and theme all combine with what he calls a series of mere household events to show how the narrator is driven into madness (Poe 1).Tol... ...uld have not got the full effect that Poe was arduous to convey, which is that just about anyone can be driven into madness and that the narrator in this story is not very different from any other person. kit and caboodle CitedBuranelli, Vincent. Edgar Allan Poe Second Edition. Boston Twanyne Publishers, 1977. 76-77.Davidson, Edward H. Poe A Critical Study. Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1957. 190.Gargano, James W. The Question of Poes Narrators. POE A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Robert Regan. Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall, 1967. 169-171.Hoffman, Daniel. Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe. Garden City Doubleda y & Company, 1972.May, Charles E. Edgar Allan Poe A Study of the scant(p) Fiction. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1991. 78.Poe, Edgar Allan. The Black Cat. Ed. Martha Womack. n.page.online. Internet 29 July. 1998. Available http//www.poedecoder.com./Qrisse/works/blackcat.html.Prinsky, Norman. The Black Cat. Masterplots II Short Story Series. Ed. Frank N. Magil. Vol. 1. Pasadena Salem Press, 1986. 231-34.Womack, Martha. Edgar Allan Poes The Black Cat. n.page.Online. Internet. 2 portentous 1998. Available http //www.poedecoder.com/essays/blackcat.

Digital Media in the Past and Present Essay -- Technology Electronics

Digital Media in the Past and PresentIn todays world digital media are everywhere, TV, newspapers, advertisements, and magazines. Almost everywhere you look you will find some sort of digital engineering science. Digital technology has come along way since the stemma of its time in. Although computers were invented long before digital technology didnt start to shine its light until the early 80s. Originally, NASA developed digital imaging for the US space program in the 1960s (History of the digital camera, 2001). NASA requireed a reliable way to get photographs back from the probes, which were never to return to the Earth. George Lucas combined with adobe to help start the digital art movement with the creation of Photoshop. Companies such as Adobe, Microsoft, Hewitt Packard, Kodak and Sony are a few of the top brands in digital design.A brief history into the digital world mainly begins in 1984 when Sony released its first digital video camera. It used analog recording technolo gy and saved entropy to a 2.5 floppy disk. The quality of these cameras was quite poor. At the same time Kodak came out with their 8mm camera, but had a hard time finding a purchasing market. Kodak eventually shut down the electronic photography division. Meanwhile Sony found the market, and began the digital boom. In 1985 the Targa video card was introduced. It was a 24 bit coloring display card, that allowed the user to capture video images to the computer. (www.home.eznet.net/) The first scanner was introduced in 1986, known as the Thunderscan digitizer. It used the Apple ImageWriter printer to capture the image, in dimmed and white dots. And in 1990 Kodak introduced the first digital camera and photo CD.There was also the introduction of imaging software ... ...sroom with digital walls and ceiling would not need a projector, the information and images would appear on the surrounding surfaces. He also predicts that these types of projectors will to be able to project 3D image s. For example if you were learning astir(predicate) the statue of David, at the click of a button the projector could make a replica of the statue and portray it in the middle of the room. Learning experience will become astronomical in a just a few years. Resources will just be unlimited.The world today is becoming completely based on computers. slight then twenty years ago no one would have believed that almost every household in America would contain a personalised computer. Now its rare not to own one, some houses contain multiple computers. For this reason its no wonder that the world is going digital. Digital technology just improves so many opportunities.

The Spanish Inquistition Essay -- essays research papers fc

Ferdinand and Isabella used the Inquisition to avert opposition in Spain. Their thoughts were that by eliminating the Jews, Muslims, and New Christians in Spain they would gain unity, wealth, and power. They wanted to make a Christian and moreover a Christian Spain.Since Ferdinand and Isabella were married they strived to make Spain a whole. With Ferdinand ruling Aragon and Isabella ruling Castile they united Spain as one. Soon Ferdinand and Isabella had the regions of Granada and Portugal as part of Spain. But Ferdinand and Isabella wanted to addition their authority over their kingdom through religion as well. Ferdinand new that the church controlled large amounts of land and also served significant roles in the political system, he took these very important things into major consideration. Isabella on the other hand, had a genuine concern for religious reform and believed in their responsibility for the spiritual life of their subjects and people.(Ovid 3). Ferdinand and Isabel la didnt think of using the Inquisition to purify Spain until a priest named Tomas de Torquemada brought it to their attention. Torquemada was Isabellas confessor or spiritual leader. Torquemada convinced Ferdinand and Isabella that once the Inquisition was in place they could eliminate all non-Catholic believers. He bribed them with the thought that they,could use it to solidify the supremacy of Catholicism in Spanish lifethe inquisition would promise them con...

Nature vs. Nurture and the Developing Theory of Nature via Nurture Essa

OutlineThesis At the moment, there is no unequivocal answer to the question of nature vs. nurture, there is, however, cause evidence that the theory of Nature via. hold up could be the solution.I.IntroductionA.Nature versus enhanceII.Nature vs. NurtureA.Nature Genetic Factors1.Nature delimitate2.Genes Defined3.Human Genome ProjectB.Nurture Environmental Factors1.Nurture Defined2.Biological and Social EnvironmentC. behavioral GeneticsIII. correspondsA. duplicate DefinedB.Types of Twins1.Identical Twins2.Fraternal TwinsC.Twin Studies1.Definition and Validity2.The Skeptics of Twin Studies and Their Concerns3.Minnesota Twin Study of Twins Reared Apart4.Swedish borrowing/Twin Study of Aging (SATSA)5.Nonshared Environment in Adolescent Development (NEAD)D.Twin Stories1.Jim Twins2.Beth and Amy3.Harold and Bernard Shapiro4.Judith and Julie feller5.Charlie and Bill DukeIV.Nature via NurtureV.HeritabilityA.DefinitionB. geniusC.IntelligenceD.Toxic EnvironmentE.Disease and Mental Illness VI.Political and Social RamificationsA.Biological DeterminismVII. decision An Introduction to Nature vs. Nurture and the Developing conjecture of Nature via NurtureAre we exclusively the creation of nature or the reflection of nurture? The introductory attempt to study nature and nurture was create by Sir Francis Galton in 1865. (Plomin, 2004) Galton wanted to know how to measure intelligence, what the components were and the degree to which it was inherited. (Santrock, 2004) He would be the first of more researchers to question the role of heredity. The first twin and adoption studies were published in 1924 by Sophie Van Senden Theis. (Plomin, ... ...nce on life events during the last half of the life span. psychology and Aging. 5(1), 25-30.Plomin, R., Reiss, D.R., Hetherington, E.M., Howe, G.W. (1994) Nature and nurture genetic contributions to measures of the family environment. Developmental psychology. 30(1), 32-43.Ridley, M. (2003). What makes you who you are. Time. 161 (22), 54-60. Santrock, J.W. (2004). tike development. New York McGraw-Hill Companies.Segal, N. L. (1999). Entwined lives Twins and what they tell us about human behavior. New York DuttonSegal, N. L. (1999). New twin studies manifest The career of your dreams may be the career of your genes. Psychology Today, 32(5), 54-8.Wright, L. (1997). Twins and what they tell us about who we are. New York John Wiley & Sons.Wyatt, J. W. (1993). Identical Twins, Emergenesis, and Environments. American Psychologist. 1294-1295. Nature vs. Nurture and the Developing Theory of Nature via Nurture EssaOutlineThesis At the moment, there is no definitive answer to the question of nature vs. nurture, there is, however, compelling evidence that the theory of Nature via. Nurture could be the solution.I.IntroductionA.Nature versus NurtureII.Nature vs. NurtureA.Nature Genetic Factors1.Nature Defined2.Genes Defined3.Human Genome ProjectB.Nurture Environmental Factors1.Nurture Defined2.Biologica l and Social EnvironmentC.Behavioral GeneticsIII.TwinsA.Twins DefinedB.Types of Twins1.Identical Twins2.Fraternal TwinsC.Twin Studies1.Definition and Validity2.The Skeptics of Twin Studies and Their Concerns3.Minnesota Twin Study of Twins Reared Apart4.Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging (SATSA)5.Nonshared Environment in Adolescent Development (NEAD)D.Twin Stories1.Jim Twins2.Beth and Amy3.Harold and Bernard Shapiro4.Judith and Julie Swain5.Charlie and Bill DukeIV.Nature via NurtureV.HeritabilityA.DefinitionB.PersonalityC.IntelligenceD.Toxic EnvironmentE.Disease and Mental IllnessVI.Political and Social RamificationsA.Biological DeterminismVII.Conclusion An Introduction to Nature vs. Nurture and the Developing Theory of Nature via NurtureAre we exclusively the creation of nature or the reflection of nurture? The first attempt to study nature and nurture was published by Sir Francis Galton in 1865. (Plomin, 2004) Galton wanted to know how to measure intelligence, what the components were and the degree to which it was inherited. (Santrock, 2004) He would be the first of many researchers to question the role of heredity. The first twin and adoption studies were published in 1924 by Sophie Van Senden Theis. (Plomin, ... ...nce on life events during the last half of the life span. Psychology and Aging. 5(1), 25-30.Plomin, R., Reiss, D.R., Hetherington, E.M., Howe, G.W. (1994) Nature and nurture genetic contributions to measures of the family environment. Developmental Psychology. 30(1), 32-43.Ridley, M. (2003). What makes you who you are. Time. 161(22), 54-60. Santrock, J.W. (2004). Child development. New York McGraw-Hill Companies.Segal, N. L. (1999). Entwined lives Twins and what they tell us about human behavior. New York DuttonSegal, N. L. (1999). New twin studies show The career of your dreams may be the career of your genes. Psychology Today, 32(5), 54-8.Wright, L. (1997). Twins and what they tell us about who we are. New York John Wiley & Sons.Wyatt, J. W . (1993). Identical Twins, Emergenesis, and Environments. American Psychologist. 1294-1295.

evilmac Macbeths Profound Evil Essay -- Macbeth essays

Macbeths Profound Evil When the audience experiences Macbeth by William Shakespeare, it is subjected to a heavy dose of evil in the form of intent and actions by the witches, by Lady Macbeth and by Macbeth. L.C. Knights in the essay Macbeth specifies the item species of evil present within the play Macbeth defines a particular kind of evil - the evil that results from a lust for power. The defining, as in all the tragedies, is in strictly poetic and dramatic terms. It is certainly not an repeal formulation, but lies rather in the drawing out of necessary consequences and implications of that lust both in the external and the spiritual worlds. (93) D. F. Bratchell in Shakespearian Tragedy delineates the peculiar(prenominal) type of evil within the tragedy Long regarded as a profound vision of evil, Macbeth differs from the other Shakespearean tragedies in that the evil is transferred from the villain to the numbfish not that Shakespeares tragic figures are ever conceived in the simplistic tones of black and white. Although the Elizabethans took liberties with Aristotles dictum that tragedy does not deal with the overthrow of a bad character, it would be accepted by them that concentration on the evil deed itself does not constitute tragedy. (132-33) In his book, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, H. S. Wilson emphasizes the evil coexisting with traces of genuine in the play He is capable of gentleness and generosity there is a tender human love between him and his wife, though they are both abandoned to evil we may recall the relation between Claudius and Gertrude, and Shakespeares capacity for seeing some goodness even in wicked people. (77) R... ...n Women Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts, eds. Manchester, UK Manchester University Press, 1997. Kermode, Frank. Macbeth. The riverbank Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 1972. Knights, L.C. Macbeth. Shakespeare The Tragedies. A Collectiion of Critical Essays. Alfred Harbage, ed. Englewwod Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964. Mack, Maynard. Everybodys Shakespeare Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB University of Nebraska Press, 1993. Warren, Roger. Shakespeare Survey 30. N.p. n.p., 1977. Pp. 177-78. Rpt. in Shakespeare in the Theatre An Anthology of Criticism. Stanley Wells, ed. England Oxford University Press, 2000. Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada University of Toronto Press, 1957.

evilmac Macbeths Profound Evil Essay -- Macbeth essays

Macbeths Profound Evil When the audience experiences Macbeth by William Shakespeare, it is subjected to a heavy dose of evil in the stochastic variable of intent and actions by the witches, by Lady Macbeth and by Macbeth. L.C. Knights in the essay Macbeth specifies the particular species of evil present within the play Macbeth defines a particular resistant of evil - the evil that results from a lust for power. The defining, as in all the tragedies, is in strictly poetic and dramatic terms. It is certainly not an abstract formulation, except lies rather in the drawing out of necessary consequences and implications of that lust both in the external and the spiritual worlds. (93) D. F. Bratchell in Shakespearean Tragedy delineates the specific vitrine of evil within the tragedy Long regarded as a profound vision of evil, Macbeth differs from the other Shakespearean tragedies in that the evil is transferred from the villain to the hero not that Shakespeares tragic figures are ever conceived in the simplistic tones of black and white. Although the Elizabethans took liberties with Aristotles dictum that tragedy does not deal with the overthrow of a bad character, it would be real by them that concentration on the evil deed itself does not constitute tragedy. (132-33) In his book, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, H. S. Wilson emphasizes the evil coexisting with traces of good in the play He is capable of gentleness and generosity there is a tender human love between him and his wife, though they are both decrepit to evil we may recall the relation between Claudius and Gertrude, and Shakespeares capacity for seeing some goodness even in wicked people. (77) R... ...n Women Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts, eds. Manchester, UK Manchester University Press, 1997. Kermode, Frank. Macbeth. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. capital of Massachusetts Houghton Mifflin Company, 1972. Knights, L.C. Macbeth. S hakespeare The Tragedies. A Collectiion of Critical Essays. Alfred Harbage, ed. Englewwod Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964. Mack, Maynard. Everybodys Shakespeare Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB University of Nebraska Press, 1993. Warren, Roger. Shakespeare Survey 30. N.p. n.p., 1977. Pp. 177-78. Rpt. in Shakespeare in the Theatre An Anthology of Criticism. Stanley Wells, ed. England Oxford University Press, 2000. Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada University of Toronto Press, 1957.

Dougy by James Moloney

The novel Dougy by James Moloney is intended to capture the attention of young readers. It talks roughly Racial Conflict, Racial Discrimination, Family support, and ratiocination which is experienced by altogether the people in the world especially in multi-cultural countries. The story also deals with a range of issues facing Aboriginal society. It tells the readers the alarm and misunderstanding between Aboriginals and white Australians that has existed for decades. In the first chapter of the novel, the first sentence says Theres always one picture in my head when I think about what happened to our town. It shows that the story is shaped from Dougys own perspective beca drop of the use of first person I. This technique is used so that it makes us feel that Dougy is talking to us and making us part of the story. He also uses colloquial language to communicate with young readers. In this chapter, Dougy talks about his family and the Moodagudda. Much of this story revolves roun d the retelling of the Aboriginal legend of the Moodagudda, an evil spirit that lives in the nearby river.Dougy is a thirteen year old aboriginal boy who lives in a down(p) Queensland town comprised of both black and white communities where racism is the main cause of all conflicts. The Aboriginals live mainly in houses that are financed by the government which causes some angst amongst the whites. Although there is an uneasy harmony in place, there is an obvious division between the two cultures. In the beginning of the novel where we first met Dougy, he introduced himself with the use of language with negative connotations that shows his feelings of worthlessness, My names Dougy.Im nobody much. It shows that Dougy has a very low self-esteem. He sees himself as a nobody and believes that he is irrelevant in this world. He also criticises his poor academic ability and social skills by saying I am not good in reading nor writing eh non much good at anything. He doesnt play with ot hers near the river and is quiet. Dougys way of introducing himself shows that there is a need for change but even though he isnt good at reading and writing, he understands relationships and has insight.Thus enables him to be a good storyteller. He has an older brother and sister. His sister, Gracey, is fourteen years old and shes the fastest fille across the ground. Raymond is their older brother. They live with their mother. Their father is a drunkard who lives a nomadic lifestyle and only comes home about once or double a year. Dougy and Gracey dont know much of their ancestral heritage. They are Aborigines who seem to know nothing about the legends and culture of their ancestry.The conflicts and racism all began when Gracey got exculpate money from the government to go to the state championships. This made all the white people angry because the government never gives them free money. They have to work ruffianly for it while the aboriginals get things for nothing. That is the reason why the whites hate the black people. Despite all the racism and oppression, Dougy remains strong and accepts the challenges of life. When you read the novel, youll see that the story is all about racism but if you excavate further, youll see other strong messages come across.Some of the messages are about finding yourself, appreciating all the things that we have, and lastly, having an open mind. In conclusion, a study of change allows us to expand and broaden our understanding of the concept and related issues that are relevant to change. Change is a process which is inevitable and buns occur on a number of interrelated levels. The process can be made through ones choice which can lead to either a positive or negative effect and can influence the lives of other people or the whole society.

The Invention of Blue Jeans

In 1873 blue jeans were invented by a well known man named Levi Strauss. Blue jeans became popular for farmers and workers, because they were tougher and less likely to rip. Many Americans wore jeans for comfort, too. A 24-year-old German immigrant named Levi Strauss departed from New York withlittle supply of drymaterials. He also had the intention of openingan extensionof his brothers New York business that he was bringing to San Francisco.Strauss did not want to be a prospector, so he decided he would make enough money by selling supplies to the miners. First, Strauss sold cloth, textiles, and sewing supplies to the miners, merely he didnt earn much profit by doing that. Then he heard the miners complaining about how easily they ripped their pants, so Strauss decided to use virtually of his heavy canvas fabric to make the miners pants to wear. The first jeans were do of a material called duck, but this fabric was not particularly comfortable.Then Strauss do the jeans using fab ric called denim. Denim is a tough, cotton fabric which is made by passing under two or more threads. This fabric made jeans much more popular for everyone to wear, not just workers. In 1873, Jacob Davis wrote him a letter saying that he could make durable pockets with metal rivets for the pants. precisely Davis didnt corroborate enough money to share his view, so he offered to give his idea to Strauss if Strauss agreed to pay his patent. Strauss agreed, and from then on blue jeans had metal rivet pockets.Then the idea for jeans was to dye them with indigo, to make jeans blue. After that, blue jeans were considered perfect. Blue jeans changed the port of dressing later in history. After they were invented, blue jeans were typically only used for protection. But soon after Strauss changed the fabric to denim, they became comfortable and stylish. Americans then thought of new ideas for jeans, and the styles changed to all different kinds of jeans like skinny jeans, straight leg, b loom cut, etc.They initially changed the way of dressing, and the future style of Americans. Blue jeans became popular for farmers and workers, because they were tough, strong, durable pants that everyone could rely on not ripping. They became the apparel that changed Americas style of dressing too, and the most popular type of pants. Jeans are still largely popular, and they will continually be modified to fit the changing style of America.

Hrm- Training Need Analysis

provision Needs Analysis Purpose A Training Needs Analysis (TNA) is used to assess an organizations upbringing necessitate. The root of the TNA is the gap analysis. This is an assessment of the gap between the knowledge, skills and attitudes that the people in the organization currently possess and the knowledge, skills and attitudes that they require to meet the organizations objectives. The cultivation inescapably assessment is best conducted up front, before culture solutions argon budgeted, designed and delivered. The output of the needs analysis volition be a schedule that specifies why, what, who, when, where and how.More particularizedally, the document give need to answer these questions why do people need the cooking? what skills need imparting? who needs the rearing? when will they need the new skills? where may the training be conducted? and how may the new skills be imparted? There be so many ways for conducting a Training Needs Analysis, depending on your si tuation. One size does not fit all. Is the purpose of the needs assessment to lead in to a design of a circumstantial purpose utility initiative (e. g. customer complaint reduction) enable the design of the organizations training calendar identify training and development needs of individual staff during the murder appraisal cycles/second and so on and so on. In clarifying the purpose of the TNA, consider the scope of the TNA. Is it to determine training needs at the organization level? at the project level for a specific project? or at the department level for specific employees? Your answer to these questions will dictate who will conduct the TNA how the TNA will be conducted, and what data root words will be usedTraining Needs Analysis fixingity Below are three scenarios in which you may beat yourself wanting to conduct a Training Needs Analysis. This is not an exhaustive treatment, however, it will shew you some tips on what to do. Employee Performance Appraisal In man y organizations, each employees manager discusses training and development needs during the final part of the process appraisal discussion. This method suits where training needs are highly varied amongst individual employees. Typically, the manager constructs an employee Performance Development Plan in collaboration with the employee creation appraised.The Plan takes into consideration the organizations strategies and plans agreed employee goals and targets the employees performance results the employees role description feedback from internal/external customers and stakeholders, and the employees stated career aspirations The employees faultless Performance Development Plan should document the area that requires improvement, the actual development activity, resource requirements, expected essences and an agreed time frame in which the development outcome will be achieved.Check out our Training Management Template Pack for a customizable Performance Development Plan and instruc tions for use. You may summon some commonality amongst individual training and development needs identified in the various performance appraisals. In this case, it may pay the organization to brush up and classify each of the needs and convert them into appropriate training courses (or other interventions). The next step is to prioritize their importance and aggregate the results so that you end up with a list of courses and participant numbers against each.Then negotiate a delivery schedule that fits in with managers/supervisors and employees whilst keeping an eye on your budget. Improvement check Most, if not all, improvement projects ease up some employee training associated with them. Examples of improvement projects let in planned and structured attempts to reduce the incidence of product defects, increase sales hoi polloi and decrease the number of customer complaints. Here, the Training Needs Analysis begins by clarifying the measurable organizational improvement targets and the employee behaviors call for to meet these targets.For example, the organization energy set a target of a 50 percent reduction in customer complaints by the end of the year. Employee behaviors required to achieve this target cleverness be empathetic listening to customer complaints unbendable follow up of complaint resolution and so on. To get to this point, though, the cause of the underperformance needs to be primed(p) through a series of structured questions. If there is no one else to perform this initial diagnosis, you as the training professional may be called upon to do this job.A performance consulting approach can help you here. With this approach, the person doing the diagnosis first asks managers to identify their problems in concrete terms. Next, possible causes and solutions are discussed and training solutions identified, where appropriate. To do this successfully, the performance consultant needs to be well-versed in process improvement methods and emplo yee motivation theory and practice. For small projects, you can use a simple employee performance flow chart in working with managers to help identify the cause of performance deficiencies.Where training is identified as an appropriate solution or as part of the solution, we so recommend that you work through a training needs analysis questionnaire with the appropriate stakeholders. This will give you the information you need to die hard to the training program design phase. An effective training needs analysis questionnaire worksheet will cover at least the following areas The results from these structured interviews are then written up in a formal document, along with the answers to the other questions raised above.Check out our Training Projects Template Pack for an example of a customizable training needs analysis template that you can download today. The results of the TNA are then fed into the next phase of the instructional systems design life cycle the high-level design of the training program. Following all of the above is of course more time consuming than getting a simple wish-list from managers and delivering a change of training courses. However, by using a structured approach, you will avoid the 80 percent wastage of resources that any companies experience in delivering programs that dont very fit their needs. Constructing a Training Calendar When constructing an annual training calendar, be wary of simply asking managers what training they want delivered. Assessing training needs this way, you will most probably get a wish list with little connection to the real needs of the organization. When the time comes and they and their workers are pressed for time, you may find it difficult to fill seats. Training is expensive, and there is no better method for wasting your scare training dollars. Why is this so?We find that many managers are not skilled in identifying which of their problems can be solved by training and which cannot. For a training calendar to be effective, it needs to be bespoken for your specific organizations real needs. Ask your managers what training they need. However, make sure you engage them in constructive dialog about what their real problems are and which of them can realistically be addressed through training. If the performance shortfall is a one-off problem, such as an increasing number of customer complaints, it may be more effective and cost efficient to address the issue on an improvement project basis.Training calendars are best suited to repeatable and regular demand, such as refresher skills training for infrequently performed technical tasks and for new recruits joining the organization. In these cases, study what training is required on a regular basis and look at what new recruits need to be proficient at soon after they join your organization. Generally speaking, consult with your management police squad by checking off which of the following areas require inclusion in your trainin g calendar management, leadership and supervision skills oft skills, such as communication and involution resolution environment, health and safety human resource processes, such as performance management business skills, such as strategy, think and process improvement technical line and staff skills such as telephone etiquette and inventory management In constructing your training calendar, we suggest you also consider looking at one or more of the data sources listed in the next section.Once you have composed your list of courses, assess demand for each course and the required frequency, all the while, keeping an eye on your budget. With a limited budget, we suggest you get your management team to help you assess priorities. Data Sources In conducting your training needs analysis, you may have a variety of data sources available to you. Which data sources you use will depend on a number of factors. These factors include the amount of time you have available the human resources y ou have available he level of accuracy you require the reliability of each data source the accessibility of each data source The data sources that you have available may include interviews/surveys with supervisors/managers interviews/surveys with employees employee performance appraisal documents organizations strategic planning documents organization/department operational plans organization/department key performance indicators customer complaints critical incidents product/service quality dataFor example, if you are considering providing training in project management to project managers, you may want to interview the prospective participants, the project managers, and their managers on what problems they are facing. It may also pay to review planning and procedural documents to ascertain what project management methodology and tools your organization is using, or is planning on using. Data sources that may show light on where the training needs to focus the most are project perf ormance data and post-implementation reviews.Which sources you will actually use and how much time and effort you send packing on each will depend on your particular circumstances. Needless to say, there is no magic formula and you will need to exercise a fair amount of judgment in most cases. Although there are no hard and fast rules in conducting a Training Needs Analysis, we have outlined above some general guidelines and helpful hints. We can also help you with some practical TNA tools, such as a training needs analysis questionnaire and training needs analysis spreadsheet, in our customizable template packs.

Artificial Intelligence for Speech Recognition Essay

ABSTRACTWhen you dial the reverberate egress of a big company, you be resemblingly to con the sonorous voice of a cultured lady who responds to your call with great courtesy saying welcome to company X. Please give me the extension number you want .You pronounces the extension number, your name, and the name of the person you want to contact. If the called person accepts the call, the connection is given quickly. This is artificial intelligence where an automatic call-handling system is utilize without employing any teleph unrivaled operator. drippy Intelligence (AI) involves two basic ideas. First, it involves studying the thought shapees of human beings. Second, it deals with representing those processes via machines ( computing machines, robots, etc).AI is the behavior of a machine, which, if performed by a human being, would be called intelligent. It influences machines smarter and more workoutful, is slight expensive than natural intelligence.Natural Language Processi ng (NLP) refers to Artificial Intelligence methods of Communicating with a computer in a natural language like English. The main objective of a NLP program is to understand input and initiate action. The input lecture are s squirtned and matched against internally stored know words. Identification of a keyword causes some action to be taken. In this way, one layabout communicate with computer in ones language. One of the main application of AI is vocabulary erudition system is that it lets user do other works simultaneously. The speech recognition process is performed by a software component known as the speech recognition engine.A speech recognition system is a type of software that allows the user to cast their spoken words born-again into written text in a computer application such as a word processor or spreadsheet. The computer can also be controlled by the use of spoken commands. As we cant design electronic device which recognizes everyones voice, based on that it is d ivided into verbalizer dependency and talker independency. The working of the system involves ADC, comparison of this binary version with the stored words. The limitations for this are must be completely trained by the user, most in(predicate) for those competent in the art of dictation.It is applicable in blue eyes applied science, telephone applications like travel booking, financial account information, in military for peremptory of weapons. By considering all the above factors it differs from other technologies as it produce written text from the users dictation, without using, or with only minimal use of, a traditional keyboard and mouse. This is an obvious benefit to many people who, for any number of reasons, do not find it easy to use a keyboard, or whose spell out and literacy skills would benefit from seeing occur. Speech recognition testament revolutionize the way people conduct business over the Web and will, ultimately, differentiate world-class ebusinesses the W eb, decreases assume and created its own path across various fields.INTRODUCTIONEvidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development of the electronic computer in 1941, the technology finally became available to create machine intelligence. The term artificial intelligence was first coined in 1956, at the Dartmouth conference, and since then Artificial Intelligence has expanded because of the theories and principles developed by its dedicated researchers. Artificial intelligence, also known as machine intelligence, is defined as intelligence exhibited by anything manufacture (i.e. artificial) by humans or other sentient beings or systems (should such things ever exist on Earth or elsewhere). With the popularity of the AI computer growing, the evoke of the public has also grown. Applications for the Apple Macintosh and IBM compatible computer, such as voice and character recognition necessitate become available. Also AI technol ogy has made steadying camcorders simple using fuzzy logic. With a greater demand for AI-related technology, new advancements are becoming available.Inevitably Artificial Intelligence has, and will continue to affecting our lives. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Effort to develop computer-based systems that be boast like humans learn languages accomplish physical tasks use a perceptual apparatus With the development of practical techniques based on AI research, advocates of AI have argued that opponents of AI have repeatedly changed their position on tasks such as computer chess or speech recognition that were previously regarded as intelligent in order to deny the accomplishments of AI. They point out that this moving of the goalposts effectively defines intelligence as whatever humans can do that machines cannot.A speech recognition system is a type of software that allows the user to have their spoken words converted into written text in a computer application such as a word proce ssor or spreadsheet. The computer can also be controlled by the use of spoken commands. Speech recognition software can be installed on a personal computer of appropriate specification. The user speaks into a microphone (a headphone microphone is usually supplied with the product). The software generally requires an initial training and enrolment process in order to teach the software to recognize the voice of the user. A voice profile is then produced that is unique to that individual. This procedure also helps the user to learn how to speak to a computer.WORKINGThe user speaks to the computer through a microphone, which in turn, identifies the meaning of the words and sends it to NLP device for further processing. Once recognized, the words can be used in a variety of applications like display, robotics, Commands to computers, and dictation .The word recognizer is a speech recognition system that identifies individual words.Following are a few of the basic terms and concepts that are fundamental to speech recognition. Utterances Pronunciations Grammar AccuracyThe speech quality varies from person to person. The grammar used by the speaker and veritable by the system, noise level, noise type, position of the microphone, and speed and manner of the users speech are some factors that may affect the quality of the speech recognition. The computer must be trained to the voice of that particular individual. Such a system is called Speaker-dependent system. Speaker-independent system can be used by anybody, and can recognize any voice, even though the characteristics vary widely from one speaker to another.SPEECH DEPENDENT WORD RECOGNIERThe normal speech has a relative frequency range of 200 Hz to 7KHz. Recognizing a telephone call is more difficult as it has bandwidth limitations of 300Hz to 3.3KHz.As explained earlier the spoken words are processed by the filters and ADCs. The binary representation of each of these words becomes a template or standard against w hich the future words are compared. These templates are stored in the memory. Once the storing process is completed, the system can go into its active mode and is capable of identifying the spoken words. As each word is spoken, it is converted into binary equivalent and stored in RAM.The computer then starts searching and compares the binary input pattern with the templates. It is to be noted that even if the same speaker talks the same text, there are forever slight variations in amplitude or loudness of the signal, pitch, frequency variance, time gap etc.Due to this reason there is never a perfect match mingled with the template and the binary input word. The pattern matching process therefore uses statistical techniques and is designed to look for the best fit. The values of binary input words are subtracted from the corresponding values in the templates. If both the values are same, the difference is zero and there is perfect match. If not the subtraction produces some differ ence or error. the smaller the error the break away the match.SPEECH INDEPENDENT WORD RECOGNIZERThe search process takes a considerable amount of time, as the CPU has to make many comparisons before recognition occurs. This necessitates use of very high-speed processors. A Large RAM is also required as even though a spoken word may last only a few hundred milliseconds, but the same is translated into many thousands of digital words. It is important to note that coalition of words and speeds as well as elongate different parts of the same word. This is important for the speaker- independent recognizers.APPLICATIONS HEALTH CARESpeech recognition is used to enable deaf people to understand the spoken word via speech to text conversion, which is very helpful. Speech recognition is especially useful for people who have difficulty using their hands, ranging from mild repetitive stress injuries to involved disabilities that preclude using conventional computer input devices.(HAND FREE CO MPUTING). MILITARYspeech recognizers have been operated successfully in fighter aircraft with applications including setting radio frequencies, commanding an autopilot system, setting steer-point coordinates and weapons release parameters, and controlling flight displays.TRAINING AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS planning for military (or civilian) air traffic controllers (ATC) represents an excellent application for speech recognition systems.TELEPHONYSpeech is used mostly as a part of exploiter Interface, for creating pre-defined or custom speech commands.LIMITATIONS It needs to be completely tailored to the user and trained by the user. It is often set up on one machine, and so can create difficulties for a user who Works from many locations, for example from school and home. It depends on the user having the desire to produce text and be able to invest the Time, training and perseverance necessary to achieve it. It is most successful for those competent in the art of dictationCONCLUSIONS peech recognition had prevailed and achieved tremendous results in different fields .I t made our interactions with the computer easier than earlier. This technology had reduced the difference between human-to-human and human-to-machine interaction.FUTURE TRENDSIt would yield better results When it was made noise resistant. Understand our emotions User friendly as accent of a machine differs from humans It must be portable to use irrespective of the device.REFERENCESwww.seminoron .com www.edu.org www.ibm .com www.dragonsys.com